「學佛」和「佛學」 "學佛"(Practice of Buddhism) and "佛學"(Study of Buddhism)

 「學佛」和「佛學」這兩個中文用語看起來相似，因為都是使用“學”和“佛”這兩字組成，但它們實際上代表了不同的佛教層面。「學佛」是一種個人的、經驗性的實踐，而「佛學」是一種學術性的、分析性的追求。

The two terms writing in Chinese,
"學佛" and "佛學", may seem similar due to their shared use of the Chinese characters "學" and "佛," they actually represent distinct approaches to Buddhism. "學佛" is a personal and experiential practice, while "佛學" is a scholarly and analytical pursuit.

「學佛」是指學習、修行佛法的行為。包括學習佛陀的教義，遵守佛教戒律，並進行禪修和其他修行，以培養智慧和慈悲。本質上，「學佛」就是積極追求精神道路，努力在日常生活中體現佛教的原則。

"學佛" refers to the act of learning and practicing Buddhism. It involves studying the teachings of Buddha, following Buddhist precepts, and engaging in Zen meditation and other practices to cultivate wisdom and compassion. Essentially, "學佛" is about actively pursuing a spiritual path and striving to embody Buddhist principles in daily life.

另一方面，「佛學」是指對佛教的學術研究。這涉及研究佛教傳統的歷史和文化背景，分析佛教文本和教義，並探索佛教思想的哲學和倫理意義。本質上，「佛學」是從理智的角度來理解佛教，並尋求理解其理論和概念。

On the other hand, "佛學" refers to the academic study of Buddhism. This involves examining the historical and cultural context of Buddhist traditions, analyzing Buddhist texts and teachings, and exploring the philosophical and ethical implications of Buddhist thought. Essentially, "佛學" is about approaching Buddhism from an intellectual perspective and seeking to understand its theories and concepts.

「佛學」對「學佛」有幫助，其中一方面是透過研究佛教的歷史及其隨時間的發展，修行者可以更深入地了解佛教思想和修行的起源和演變。這有助於闡明佛教教義的意思和意義，也能深入了解佛教思想在不同文化背景下如何適應和解釋。

One of the aspects that "佛學" can be helpful for "學佛" is by studying the history of Buddhism and its development over time, one can gain a deeper understanding of the origins and evolution of Buddhist thought and practice. This can help to clarify the meaning and significance of Buddhist teachings, and can also provide insight into how Buddhist ideas have been adapted and interpreted in different cultural contexts.

另一方面是提供理解佛教概念和實踐的框架。透過研究佛教經典和教義，人們可以更深入地了解業力（因果）、輪迴、四聖諦和八正道等概念。這可以幫助闡明這些概念的含義和意義，也可以為如何在日常生活中應用它們提供指導。

Another aspect is by providing a framework for understanding Buddhist concepts and practices. By studying Buddhist texts and teachings, one can gain a deeper understanding of concepts such as karma (cause and effect), reincarnation, the Four Noble Truths, and the Noble Eightfold Path. This can help to clarify the meaning and significance of these concepts, and can also provide guidance on how to apply them in daily life.

另外，學習「佛學」有助於加深禪修，這是「學佛」的重要面向。透過學習不同的冥想技巧及其背後的原理，人們可以發展出更有效、更有意義的冥想練習。這可以幫助培養正念、定力和智慧，這些都是對學佛感興趣的人必備的素質。

In addition, studying "佛學" can help to deepen one's meditation practice, which is an important aspect of "學佛". By learning about different meditation techniques and the principles behind them, one can develop a more effective and meaningful meditation practice. This can help to cultivate mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom, which are all essential qualities for those who are interested in 學佛.

總而言之，對於願意「學佛」的人來說，「佛學」是一個很有價值的工具。「佛學」透過了解歷史文化背景、理解佛教概念的框架、指導禪修，可以加深對「學佛」進步的認識，而不在於批評那些願意「學佛」的人的錯誤言行。

Summarly, "佛學" can be a valuable tool for those who are willing to "學佛". By understanding the historical and cultural context, a framework for understanding Buddhist concepts, and guidance on meditation practice. "佛學" can help to deepen one's understanding and practice of Buddhism, but not to criticize the wrong words and deeds of those who are willing to "學佛".

二十四節氣 The Twenty-Four Solar Terms

二十四節氣是中國傳統的根據太陽在天空中的位置來劃分一年的方式。受平年和閏年的影響，每年同一個節氣的日期可能會提前或推遲一天。每一個節氣都與特定的自然現像或農業活動相關，農民用它們來確定種植、收穫和其他農業活動的最佳時間。其中一些更與中國的文化習俗有著密切的聯繫。

The Twenty-Four Solar Terms are the traditional Chinese way of dividing the year based on the position of the sun in the sky. Affected by ordinary and runnian years, the date of the same solar term in every year may be a day earlier or late. Each of these solar terms is associated with a specific natural phenomenon or agricultural activity, and farmers use them to determine the best times for planting, harvesting, and other agricultural activities. Some of them are also closely linked with Chinese culture and customs. 

以下是二十四節氣的a日期（根據2023年）、名稱和含義：

Here are the dates (according to 2023), names and meanings of the twenty-four solar terms:

1月5日小寒：天氣變得更加寒冷，人們開始使用爐灶取暖的時候。

Minor Cold at 05 Jan: the weather becomes even colder and people begin to use the stove to keep warm.

1月20日大寒：天氣最冷，人們需要穿厚衣服保暖。

Severe cold (Major Cold) at 20 Jan: the weather is at its coldest and people need to bundle up to stay warm.

2月4日立春：春天的開始和農業年的開始。

Spring Commences at 04 Feb: the beginning of spring and the start of the agricultural year.

2月19日雨水：降雨量增加和天氣開始變暖。

Spring Showers (Rain Water) at 19 Feb: the time when rainfall increases and the weather starts to warm up.

3月6日驚蟄：昆蟲開始從冬眠中甦醒並再次活躍起來。

Awakening of Insects at 06 Mar: insects start to come out of hibernation and become active again.

3月21日春分：晝夜長度相等的一天。

Vernal Equinox at 21 Mar: the day when the length of day-time and night-time are equal.

4月5日清明：天氣晴朗，人們外出掃墓。

Clear and Bright (Ching Ming) at 05 Apr: the weather becomes clear and bright, and people go out to sweep tombs.

4月20日穀雨：糧食作物開始成熟。

Grain Rain at 20 Apr: the grain crops start to ripen.

5月6日立夏：夏天的開始，天氣開始炎熱。

Summer Commences at 06 May: the beginning of summer and the time when the weather starts to get hot.

5月21日五穀豐登：穀物成熟的日子。

Grain Full at 21 May: the grain crops become full and ripe.

6月6日出穗：穀物開始抽穗的時間。

Grain in Ear at 06 Jun: the grain crops start to sprout ears.

6月21日夏至：太陽到達天空最高點，也是一年中白晝最長的一天。

Summer Solstice at 21 Jun: the sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and the day of the longest day-time of the year.

7 月 7 日小暑：天氣開始變熱，人們開始尋找陰涼處。

Minor Heat at 07 Jul: the weather starts to get hotter and people begin to seek shad

7月23日大暑：天氣最熱，農作物需要大量的水。

Major Heat at 23 Jul: the weather is at its hottest and the crops need a lot of water.

立秋8月8日：秋天的開始，天氣開始轉涼。

Autumn Commences at 08 Aug: the beginning of autumn and the time when the weather starts to cool down.

8月23日處暑：夏季的炎熱開始消散。

Limit of Heat (End of Heat) at 23 Aug: the heat of Summer begins to dissipate.

9月8日白露：草地上結出露水，天氣變涼。

White Dew at 08 Sep: dew forms on the grass and the weather becomes cooler.

9月23日秋分：晝夜長度相等的一天。

Autumnal Equinox at 23 Sep: the day when the length of day-time and night-time are equal.

10月8日寒露：天氣變冷，露水結霜。

Cold Dew at 08 Oct: the weather becomes colder and dew forms into frost.

10月24日霜降：霜開始形成，天氣變得更加寒冷。

Frost Descent at 24 Oct: frost starts to form and the weather becomes even colder.

11 月 8 日立冬：冬季開始，天氣明顯變冷。

Winter Commences at 08 Nov: the beginning of winter, the weather becomes significantly colder.

11月22日小雪（小雪）：可能出現初雪，氣溫進一步下降。

Minor Snow (Light Snow) at 22 Nov: the first snowfall may occurs and the temperature drops even further.

12月7日大雪（大雪）：氣溫下降幅度更大，降雪量更大。

Major Snow (Heavy Snow) at 07 Dec: the temperature drops even more and the snowfall becomes heavier.

12月22日冬至：太陽在天空中達到最低點的這一天，也是一年中白晝最短的一天。

Winter Solstice at 22 Dec: the day when the sun reaches its lowest point in the sky and when the shortest day-time of the year.

南傳佛教與大乘佛教 Theravada and Mahayana

佛教有兩個主要分支：南傳佛教側重於通過修行實現個人證悟和解脫，而大乘佛教則側重於實現個人和有緣眾生的開悟。這兩個分支在某些方面有所不同，但它們具有共同的基礎。

There are two main branches of Buddhism: Theravada Buddhism focuses on achieving personal enlightenment and liberation through practice, while Mahayana Buddhism focuses on achieving enlightenment of both personal and related sentient beings. The two branches differ in some ways, but they share a common foundation.

南傳佛教一般以釋迦牟尼佛為領袖。他是引導弟子證悟的老師，也是唯一證得圓滿證悟的人。因此，他們嚴格遵守佛陀所製定的戒律和指引，幾乎不能做出任何形式的修改。另一方面，大乘佛教認為，釋迦牟尼是不同時空無數諸佛之一，不同的佛會提出既不違背正念、又能因應不同的環境靈活應對的教法。所以，大乘佛教的戒律和指引會因應不同的地域和環境而略有調整。

Theravada Buddhism generally regards Sakyamuni Buddha as the leader. He is the teacher who guides his disciples to enlightenment, and the only person who has achieved perfect enlightenment. Therefore, they strictly follow the precepts and guidance set by the Buddha and can hardly make any form of modification. On the other hand, Mahayana Buddhism believes that Sakyamuni is one of countless Buddhas in
different times and space, and the different Buddhas will propose teaching methods that do not violate mindfulness but can flex respond to the different situations they are in. So, the precepts and guidance of Mahayana Buddhism will be slightly adjusted in response to different areas and environments.

南傳佛教注重通過自我修行來成就“阿羅漢”（一種解脫的狀態，在這狀態下，所有的業力都已被補償或抵消，無需擔心新的業力因清淨而穩定的心而產生，因此沒有精神上的負擔。這也是衡量佛法修行成就的基本標準）。他們很少主動介入別人的事情，只能給有緣的人建議或祝福，因為他們注意到因果報應是無法由別人來抵銷的。 不過，大乘佛教注重通過修行“菩薩道”（將對他人的積極關心融入到實踐中）來實現最終的佛果。 他們認為，增加自己福祉或減少業力痛苦的另一個方法是在力所能及的範圍內幫助他人，儘管這種努力可能無法完全抵消自己的業力。

Theravada Buddhism focuses on the achievement of "Arahant" (a state of liberation in which all karma has been compensated or offset, and no need to worry about new karma being created by a pure and stable mind, so there is no mental burden. It is also the basic standard for measuring the achievements of Buddhist practice) by self-practice. They rarely take the initiative to intervene in other people's affairs, they can only give advice or blessings to those who are associated, as they have noticed that Karma cannot be compensated by others. However, Mahayana Buddhism focuses on the achievement of final Buddhahood  by practising the "Bodhisattva way" (incorporating active concern for others into practice). They believe that another way of practice might increase their own blessings or reduce the suffering of karma is to help others as much as possible within their abilities,  even though such efforts may not completely offset their own karma.

南傳佛教提倡三學（戒、定、慧）、四聖諦、四念處、八聖道（我之前的文章有簡單介紹）、禪宗（佛教正念禪修）。 這些科目有助於糾正個人在思想、言語和行為上的問題。 大乘佛教除南傳佛教的科目外，還包括與慈悲行為有關的科目，如四受德、六波羅蜜（布施、持戒、忍辱、精進、禪宗、般若）等。

Theravada Buddhism advocates the Three Studies (precepts, samadhi, and wisdom), the Four Noble Truths, the Four Foundations of Mindfulness, the Noble Eightfold Path (a brief introduce at my article before), and Zen (meditation with Buddhism mindfulness).  These subject help with correcting individual problems in thinking, words and deeds. Mahayana Buddhism, in addition to the subjects according to Theravada Buddhism, also include subjects related to compassion behavior, such as the Four Embracing Virtues and the Six perfections (giving, keeping precepts, patience, diligence, Zen, and prajna).

在教義上，南傳佛教普遍主張“空性”，認為一切主觀感受和客觀現像都只是暫時的，都會成為過去。 大乘佛教進一步認為，“空性”是以“緣起”為基礎的，即一切“法”（感受、事物、現像等）都是條件(因緣)充足而形成，條件不足而消散。因此，一切現像都是幻相。

In terms of doctrine, Theravada Buddhism generally advocates "emptiness" and believes that all subjective feelings and objective phenomena are only temporary and will become the past. Mahayana Buddhism further believes that "emptiness" is based on "dependent origination", that is, all "dharmas" (feelings, things, phenomena, etc.) are formed by the sufficient of causes and conditions, and dismissed when insufficient. Therefore all appearances are illusions.

南傳佛教和大乘佛教在歷史上都為佛教的豐富遺產做出了重大貢獻。 雖然他們在修行、證悟等方面可能有不同的做法（例如南傳可能認為中國僧侶“必須”吃素是違戒的表現之一，但從大乘的角度和歷史淵源來看） （在中國，這是慈悲的體現。而且，佛並沒有禁止我們吃素），但他們最終有一個共同的願望：脫離痛苦。

Both Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism has historically contributed significantly to the rich heritage of Buddhism. Although they may have different approaches to spiritual development, attainment of enlightenment, and other aspects (for example, Theravada may consider that Chinese monks "must" be vegetarians is one of the performence of against the precepts, but from the Mahayana perspective and historical origin, it is a manifestation of compassion in China. Furthermore, Buddha did not prohibit us from being vegetarian), but they ultimately have a common desire: to be freed from suffering.

這兩個分支都有其優點和缺點。 我們不需要也不應該為了支持一方而批評對方，批評只會給我們帶來麻煩。 我們可以簡單地按照自己選擇的一方的指導方針進行練習，同時適當地引用對方的長處。 請注意，我們修行的目的是從痛苦中解脫出來，而不是被囚禁在我們自招的煩惱之中。

Both branches has its advantages and disadvantages. We don't need and should not criticize the other in order to support one, criticism will only bring us trouble. We may simply do our practice according to the guidelines of the side we choose, and appropriately cite the strengths of the other side at the same time. Be noticed, the aim of our practice is to be freed from suffering, but not be imprisoned in the troubles we inflicted.