Translation strategies by Lawrence * Lawrence Venuti 的翻譯策略

When I was still studying for my bachelor's degree in Chinese-English translation after my office work, all our class was always requested to read the book Introduction to Translation Studies - Theory and Application (Second Edition). What impressed me deeply about this book was the theory of domestication and foreignization proposed by American translation theorist Lawrence Venuti.

當我還在工餘為中英翻譯學士學位拼命時，我們班總是被要求閱讀《Introduction to Translation Studies - Theory and Application》（第二版）這本書。該書讓我印象深刻的是美國翻譯理論家 Lawrence Venuti 提出的歸化與異化理論。

Domestication refers to producing a fluent and transparent translation that makes it easy and familiar for the target language readers. It often involves deleting or replacing culturally specific markers from the source text, and adding explanations or allusions to the target culture, and adapting the style and tone from the original into the target conventions. Foreignization, on the other hand, seeks to preserve the foreignness of the original text and make it visible and noticeable for the target readers. It often involves retaining or highlighting culturally specific markers, leaving gaps or ambiguities for the readers to fill in, and breaking the target conventions by using unusual or exotic words and structures.

歸化是指產生流暢、透明的翻譯，讓目標語言的讀者易於理解和熟悉。它通常涉及從源文本中刪除或替換文化特定的標記，添加對目標文化的解釋或典故，以及將原文的風格和語氣調整為目標語的約定俗成。另一方面，異化力求保留原文的異國情調，使其對目標讀者可見、引人注目。它通常涉及保留或突出文化的特定標記，留下空白或歧義供讀者填補，以及透過使用不尋常或帶有異國情調的單字和結構來打破目標的約定俗成。

Both theories of translation (translation strategies) have been debated for a long time in the realm of translation on the degree to which translators make a text conform to the target culture or retain the foreignness of the source culture. Both strategies are not only a linguistic choice, but also cultural and political. Depending on the purpose, context, and audience of the translation, both strategies have their advantages and disadvantages. Domestication can make the translation more accessible and acceptable for the target readers, but it may erase the cultural differences and diversity of the original text and impose the target values and norms on it. Foreignization can make the translation more faithful and respectful to the original text and its culture, but it can also create difficulties and alienation for the target readers and marginalize the translation in the target market. Therefore, translators need to balance the two strategies and consider the ethical and practical implications of their choices.

這兩種翻譯理論（翻譯策略）在翻譯領域長期以來一直是爭論的焦點，即譯者在多大程度上使譯文符合目標文化或保留源語文化的異國情調。這兩種策略不僅是語言上的選擇，也是文化和政治選擇。根據翻譯的目的、上下文和受眾，這兩種策略都有其優點和缺點。歸化可以使譯文更容易為目標讀者所接受和接受，但它可能會消除原文的文化差異和多樣性，並將目標語的價值和規範強加給原文。異化可以使譯文更加忠實和尊重原文及其文化，但也會為目標讀者帶來困難和疏遠，使譯文在目標市場中被邊緣化。因此，譯者需要平衡這兩種策略，並考慮其選擇的倫理和實際影響。

Venuti considered that, especially when translati
ng into the languages of powerful countries, Domestication is an act of fawning or cultural bullying as it erases the cultural differences and diversity of the original text. From his viewpoint, the ethical choice for a translator should be Foreignization, as the translation process is mediated by the diverse cultural values that circulate in the target language and refracts the source language cultural norms.

Venuti 認為，尤其是在翻譯成強國語言時，歸
是一種奉承或文化霸凌行為，因為它抹去了原文的文化差異和多樣性。在他看來，譯者的道德選擇應該是異化，因為翻譯過程是由目標語言中傳播的多元文化價值所介導的，並折射了源語言的文化規範。

However, I have promoted in my graduation project that Domestication could be one of the translation strategies friendly to the target language readers. In the communication environment today that emphasizes globalization and high efficiency, Domestication is better than Foreignization for reducing incomprehensible translations caused by cultural differences.

然而，我在我的畢業專題中提出，歸化可以成為對目標語言讀者友好的翻譯策略之一。在當今強調全球化和高效率的溝通環境下，歸化比異化更能減少因文化差異而導致的難以理解的翻譯。