十二因緣 The 12 Dependent Origination

十二因緣是佛教哲學中解釋存在與痛苦循環的基本概念。 它描述了所有現象相互依存的本質，以及它們如何促成出生、死亡和重生的循環。
The 12 Dependent Origination (The Twelve Links of Dependent Arising) is a fundamental concept in Buddhist philosophy that explains the cycle of existence and suffering. It describes the interdependent nature of all phenomena and how they contribute to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.

十二因緣是：
The twelve links are:

無明：無明是指對現實的本質缺乏了解，導致迷惑和混亂。
Ignorance: Refers to a lack of understanding of the true nature of reality, leading to delusion and confusion.
行：無明會產生行，這些行法是塑造我們的經驗並促成業力的意志行為或思想。
Mental formations: Ignorance gives rise to mental formations, which are volitional actions or thoughts that shape our experiences and contribute to karma.

識：行導致識的生起，即對感官體驗和知覺的覺知。
Consciousness: Mental formations lead to the arising of consciousness, the awareness of sensory experiences and perceptions.

名色：意識與肉體交織在一起，構成個體存在的基礎。
Name and form: Consciousness becomes intertwined with the physical body, forming the basis for individual existence.

六入：通過名色，六入（即六識，視覺、聽覺、味覺、嗅覺、觸覺、意識）生起，使我們能夠體驗世界。
Six senses: Through name and form, the six senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, and mind) arise, enabling us to experience the world.

觸：六入與其物體之間的相互作用產生接觸，從而產生感覺和感受。
Contact: The interaction between the six senses and their objects creates contact, resulting in sensations and feelings.
受：接觸會產生感受或感覺，可以是愉快的、不愉快的或中性的。
Feeling: Contact gives rise to feelings or sensations, which can be pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral.
愛：感受會引起對愉快經歷的渴求或渴望，以及對不愉快經歷的厭惡。
Craving: Feelings give rise to craving or desire for pleasant experiences and the aversion to unpleasant ones.
取（執著）：貪愛導致執著或執著於慾望的對象，尋求外在的快樂和滿足。
Attachment: Craving leads to attachment or clinging to the objects of desire, seeking happiness and fulfillment externally.

有（成形）：執著促進了成形的過程，在這個過程中，一個人被驅使著走向存在和追求未來的經歷。
Becoming: Attachment fuels the process of becoming, where one is driven towards existence and the pursuit of future experiences.

生：成形導致出生、新生命的顯現和存在循環的延續。
Birth: Becoming leads to birth, the manifestation of a new life and the continuation of the cycle of existence.

老死：出生必然導致老死，標誌著一個生命的結束和另一個生命的開始，循環不斷。
Aging and death: Birth inevitably leads to aging and death, marking the end of one life and the beginning of another, perpetuating the cycle.

對於佛教徒來說，修行的主體是人而不是物，所以最早提到的十二因綠所生法不僅是物質現象的關係，也是生與死的關係。十二因綠所生法強調一切現象的相互關聯和相互依存，強調通過培養智慧和慈悲來了解和擺脫痛苦循環的重要性。
For Buddhists, the subject of practice is people rather than things, so the 12 Dependent Origination mentioned at the earliest is not only the relationship of material phenomena, but also the relationship between life and death. The 12 Dependent Origination highlights the interconnectedness and interdependence of all phenomena, emphasizing the importance of understanding and breaking free from this cycle of suffering through the cultivation of wisdom and compassion.

本文僅對十二因緣作簡單介紹。這個涉及錯綜複雜的無限過去和無法估量的無限未來的話題，即使是經驗豐富的佛教徒也很難理解和解釋清楚。
Here is a brief introduction to the 12 Dependent Origination only in this article. This topic, involving an intricate infinite past and an incalculable infinite future, is difficult to understand and explain well even for experienced Buddhists.