A joyful week 喜樂的一周

There are two major celebrations in the coming week: December 25 is Christmas Day, when Christians celebrate the birthday of Jesus; and the other hand, November 17 on the lunar calendar, which corresponds to December 29 this year, is the birthday of Amitabha (one of the Buddhas in Mahayana Buddhism). In this joyful week, let’s find brightness and joy in our minds by following the guidance of these two saints!

未來一週有兩個重要的慶祝活動：12月25日是基督徒慶祝耶穌的生日的聖誕節；另外，農曆11月17日，對應今年的12月29日，是阿彌陀佛（大乘佛教諸佛之一）的誕辰。在這喜樂的一週裡，讓我們跟隨兩位聖人的指引，在心中找到光明和喜樂！

Taboo about death 對死亡的忌諱

Some people regard topics related to death as taboo and try to avoid talking about them. I don’t advocate joking about these topics, but it would be unwise if these topics could not be discussed rationally, since they involve a necessary process in life.
有些人將與死亡有關的話題視為禁忌，並試圖避免談論它們。我不提倡拿這些話題開玩笑，但如果不能理性地討論這些話題，那就是不明智的，因為它們涉及到人生的一個必然過程。

Where do people go after death? Materialists believe that as soon as a person dies, there will be nothing left.  Therefore, some people indulge in pleasure, others kill, steal, commit adultery, and do all kinds of evil.  This view of life is really a superficial and terribly evil view.
人死後會去哪裡？唯物論者認為，人死後就什麼都沒有了。因此，有的人沉溺於享樂，有的人則殺生、偷竊、邪淫，作種種惡事。這種人生觀實在是一種膚淺的、極度邪惡的觀點。

Catholicism and Christianity believe that after death, people will be judged by God, and the deceased will be arranged to go to heaven or hell according to their merits and demerits in life.
天主教和基督教認為，人死後會受到上帝的審判，根據生前的功過來安排死者上天堂或地獄。

Taoism believes that people with great meritorious deeds are directly awarded heavenly duties by the Emperor of Heaven after death. The others, after being judged by King Yama, will have different fates according to their merits and demerits, such as being reborn as a human or an animal, being thrown into a mountain of knives or a pan with hot oil, or subjected to other punishments inside hell.
道教認為，有大功德的人死後，由天帝直接授予天職。其他人經過閻羅王的審判後，會根據功過不同而有不同的命運，如投生為人或畜生，被扔進刀山或熱油鍋裡，或遭受其他在地獄中的懲罰。

In the view of Buddhism, when we are dead, we will be judged by our own karma. Those who are able to achieve their enlightenment before death are certainly reborn in the Pure Land and will no longer be trapped by reincarnation. Those who are not yet enlightened but have become accustomed to reciting any one of the Buddhas' name, or to thinking and acting according to scriptures, may temporarily avoid being trapped by reincarnation after their death under the lead and help of others who have been enlightened and continue their practice in the Pure Land. And those who are unable to escape from reincarnation, based on the good and bad karma they have created throughout their lives, also have the opportunity to be temporarily reincarnated in an environment with less painful consequences, until their new life is end and is judged by their karma again.
從佛教的觀點來看，死後我們會受到自己業力的審判。能在臨終前開悟的人，當然會往生淨土，不會被輪迴所束縛。那些尚未開悟，但已習慣念佛名號，或依經文來思考與行事的人，可在其他已經開悟的人的引導和幫助下，暫時避免輪迴之苦，死後在淨土繼續修行。而那些無法擺脫輪迴的人，根據一生所造的善惡業力，也有機會暫時轉生到一個不那麼痛苦後果的環境中，直到新的轉世結束再受業力的審判。

According to this concept, whatever we may escape from reincarnation or not, our life after our death can be optimized. It can be done if we may wake up from the nightmare or taboo of death, get rid of the impermanence and pain of present life with the help of karma, and create infinite vitality for our lives.
根據這個概念，無論我們能否逃脫輪迴，我們死後的生活都可以優化。如果我們能從死亡的惡夢或禁忌中醒來，借助業力擺脫今生的無常和痛苦，為生命創造無限的生機，就可以做到。

Many cases of near-death experiences or past life memories have been scientifically confirmed. Although these proofs do not reveal completely the possibilities of life after death, just like religions did, these should clearly show that death is only the end of present life, but not the end of all, as it is the path connected to life after death.
許多瀕死體驗或前世記憶的案例都已被科學證實。 雖然這些證據並沒有像宗教那樣完全揭示死後生命的可能性，但這些應該清楚地表明，死亡只是今生的終結，而不是一切的終結，因為它是連接死後生命的道路。 

We will prepare for certain cases, such as various assessments and reports that need to be carried out before the project starts, making savings plans for retirement, consulting insurance advisors for risks management on property or health... Should we need to do something for our life after death?  Should we explore these topics rationally? Or, should we still avoid talking about them?
我們會針對某些情況做準備，例如專案開始前需要進行的各種評估和報告、制定退休儲蓄計劃、諮詢保險顧問安排財產或健康風險管理……我們是否需要做一些事情我們死後的生活？我們應該理性地探討這些主題嗎？或者，我們仍然應該避免談論它們嗎？

"Self-realization" 「自內證」

 "Self-realization" (or "self-verification") is a term commonly used in Chinese Buddhism. It refers to the direct realization of the truth of Buddhism through external sources of learning, such as scriptures or teacher's teachings, as well as personal practice and experience.

「自內證」是漢傳佛教中常用的用語。它指透過外在的學習來源，如經典或老師的教誨，以及個人的修行和體驗，直接證悟佛教的真理。

On the other hand, "external paths" is a term used in Buddhism. It refers only to the practice of seeking salvation from external sources such as mercy or grace from the Mighty Saints, which are recorded in the scriptures or teachings of a teacher. (By the way, the term "external paths"  is only used to distinguish the practice that emphasizes less on direct realization. It is never equal to "heretic", which may have a derogatory connotation.)

另一方面，「外道」是佛教用語，只是用來區分不太強調直接開悟的修行方式。它指的是從外部（例如強大的聖人）尋求救贖的做法。這個用語不應該與「邪教」或「異端」混淆。

Both terms are important in distinguishing Buddhism from non-Buddhism, because they emphasize the importance of personal experience and direct realization in one's spiritual practice, rather than relying solely on external sources. While non-Buddhist traditions or teachings may have some value, they are ultimately considered to be incomplete, because they do not lead to the ultimate realization of enlightenment.

這兩個用語對於區分佛教與非佛教都很重要，因為它們強調個人經驗和直接實現精神修行的重要性，而不是僅僅依賴外部來源。雖然非佛教的傳統或教義可能有一定的價值，但它們最終被認為是不完整的，因為它們不會導致最終的證悟。

Therefore, "Self-realization" can be seen as a fundamental aspect of Buddhist practice, while "external paths" is used to distinguish between Buddhist and non-Buddhist spiritual practices. By understanding these concepts, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the importance of personal experience and direct realization in Buddhist practice, as well as the significance of the Buddha's teachings in guiding us towards enlightenment.

因此，「自內悟」可以被視為佛教修行的一個基本面，而「外道」則被用來區分佛教和非佛教的精神修行。透過了解這些概念，我們可以更深刻地認識到佛法修行中個人體驗和直接證悟的重要性，以及佛陀教義引導我們走向開悟的意義。

Translation and interpretation 筆譯與口譯

 In the field of interlingua communication, intermediary services are needed to convey messages from one language to another language. These intermediary services fall into two main categories:  Translating, which focuses on written content and requires a high level of accuracy and can take time to produce. Interpretation, which deals with the spoken word and is convey immediately, thus it prioritizes understanding and communication over a perfect outcome. Although translating and interpreting may not share their requirements of skill sets, both share the requirements for understanding of the deep culture between the source and target languages, expert knowledge of the subject being dealt with, and the ability to communicate clearly in multiple languages.

在跨語言交流的領域，需要中介服務將某種語言的訊息以另一種語言來傳達。這些中介服務分為兩大類： 筆譯（筆譯），著重於書面內容，需要很高的準確性，並且需要時間才能完成。口譯（傳譯），涉及口語並立即傳達，因此優先考慮理解和溝通，而不是完美的產出。儘管筆譯和口譯對技能的要求可能不同，但兩者都對理解源語言和目標語言之間的深層文化、所處理主題的專業知識以及用多種語言進行清晰交流的能力有共同的要求。

Translating is a service that converts any information in written form into another language. It is available for websites, print, video subtitles, software, multimedia...etc. The focus of translating is to create a translation that is as close as possible to the source message. It retains the core information of the source message, and also maximizes the import of the context (customs, tone, idioms, colloquialisms, etc.) through rhetorical techniques that help better comprehension for the readers of the target language. This is a service that takes time to process after getting a source message. To speed-up the translating processing, most professional translators nowadays use computer-aided tools in their work. This involves converting the source content by applying corpus, automatically translating tools, etc. As the translator goes through each section of text, they may refer to glossaries and translation style guide templates to ensure quality. Finally, for ensuring the translation is as close as possible to the source text, one or more proofreads will be processed by the translator himself or by another translator.

筆譯是將任何書面形式的信息轉換為另一種語言的服務。它可用於網站、印刷品、視訊字幕、軟體、多媒體...等。筆譯的重點是創建盡可能接近來源訊息的筆譯。它不單保留了源訊息的核心資訊，也透過修辭技巧最大限度地引入語境（習俗、語氣、習語、口語等），讓目標語言的讀者更好地理解。這是一項在收到來源訊息後需要時間來處理的服務。為了加快筆譯處理速度，現今大多數專業筆譯人員在工作中使用電腦輔助工具。涉及到透過應用語料庫、自動筆譯工具等來轉換來源內容。譯者在筆譯文章的每個部分時，可能會參考術語表和筆譯風格指南範本來確保品質。最後，為了確保譯文盡可能接近源文本，譯者將親自或由另一位譯者進行一次或多次校對。

Interpreting refers to the service of repeating speeches in another language on the spot of a conference or meeting, an address, litigation proceedings, live TV coverage, or an expression of sign language. There are two types of interpreting for different situations. Simultaneous interpretation (SI) refers to the oral translating starting at the same time when the original speech started, and consecutive interpretation (CI) refers to the oral translating starting immediately when the source speech pauses or stops. It is impossible for interpreters to ensure the content of the message they are repeating in another language is completely consistent with the source message, as they are limited by the facts such as the speaker's accent, speaking speed, and unknown terminology, further, reference materials such as a dictionary are unavailable in the real-time translating they are dealing with. However, to keep the conversation going, interpreters must guarantee the accuracy of the core contents of the message they are repeating with their experience, memory, contingency capacity and the knowledge of the subject that they are dealing with.

口譯是在會議、演講、訴訟程序、電視直播或手語表達的現場將發言內容以另一種語言覆述的服務。針對不同情況，有兩種口譯方式。 同聲傳譯（SI）是指在源語發言開始的同時開始口譯，交替傳譯（CI）是指在源語發言暫停或停止時立即開始口譯。口譯員無法確保他們用另一種語言覆述的內容與來源訊息完全一致，因為他們受到說話者的口音、語速和未知術語等事實的限制，同時，在他們處理即時翻譯時，無法用到諸如字典之類的參考用品。然而，為了使對話能夠繼續，口譯員必須利用自己的經驗、記憶、應變能力和所處理主題的知識來保證他們所重複的訊息的核心內容的準確性。

Compared with becoming an interpreter, the quality for becoming a translator are not too demanding, so, the income of translators/charges for translating services are also relatively low. Therefore, who are willing to have a good development in this field of interlingua
communication, should cultivate the ability of oral and of cultural contrast beside the learning of reading and comprehension from school.

與口譯員相比，筆譯員的素質要求並不高，因此，筆譯員的收入/翻譯服務費用也相對較低。 因此，想要在跨語言交流這一領域中得到良好的發展，除了學校學習的閱讀和理解能力外，還應該培養口語能力和文化對比能力。

修心 Cultivating our mind

如果說修行是糾正我們的態度、言行等外在表現的一系列行為，那麼修心，即糾正我們的思想和意識的過程，就是展現我們內在智慧的方式。外在表現是受心引導和影響的，所以第一步，也是修行中常重複的步驟，就是修心。如果心修得正確，外在表現的糾正就會變得更容易。

If practice is a series of acts to correct our external performances such as attitude, words and deeds, then cultivating our mind,  the process to correct our thought and consciousness, is the way to show our inner wisdom. External performances are guided and affected by the mind, so the first step, and the step which is always repeated in practice, is cultivating our mind. The correction of our external performances will become easier, if the mind has been cultivated correctly.

修心的原因有很多。最主要的理由是，它可以幫助我們更了解和留意我們的想法、情緒和行為。這樣可以提高自我意識，並可以進一步幫助我們在日常生活中做出更明智和有意識的決定。此外，還可以幫助我們對他人產生更大的同情心、仁慈和同理心，從而建立更和諧和充實的人際關係。

There are many reasons for cultivating our minds. The majority one is that it can help us to become more aware and mindful of our thoughts, emotions, and actions. It can lead to greater self-awareness, and can further help us to make more informed and conscious decisions in our daily lives. Additionally, it can also help us to develop greater compassion, kindness, and empathy towards others, which can lead to more harmonious and fulfilling relationships.

修心的方法有很多，具體方法取決於個人的信仰和喜好。常見的方法包括冥想、正念、自我反省以及對他人的仁慈和慷慨行為。

There are many ways to cultivate our minds, and the specific methods depend on our personal beliefs and preferences. The common ways include meditation, mindfulness, self-reflection, and acts of kindness and generosity towards others.

打坐是修心的有效方法。它包括安靜地坐著，專注於我們的呼吸、特定的物體、現像或真言。打坐可以幫助平靜心靈，減輕壓力和焦慮，增加內心的平靜和幸福感。（順便說一下，根據關節和肌肉的身體狀況，打坐期間不一定要像佛一樣盤腿而坐。）

Meditation is an effective way to cultivate our mind. It involves sitting quietly and focusing on our breath, a particular object, phenomenon or mantra. It can help to calm the mind, reduce stress and anxiety, and increase one's sense of inner peace and well -being. (By the way, depending on the physical condition of joints and muscles, sitting cross-legged like a Buddha in the period of meditation is not a must.)

正念是另一種強力的修心的練習，讓我們以開放和不批判的態度專注於當下。它可以幫助我們更了解自己的想法和情感，並更清晰和深入地了解我們的內在運作。

Mindfulness is another powerful practice on cultivate our mind, it pays our attention to the present moment with an open and non-judgmental attitude. It can help us to become more aware of our thoughts and emotions, and to develop greater clarity and insight into our inner workings .

自我反思也是修心的一個重要面向。我們需要花時間反思我們的想法、感受和行動，並找出我們可以改進和成長的領域。寫日記、與值得信賴的朋友或治療師交談，或進行其他形式的自我探索都有助我們反思。

Self-reflection is also an important aspect on cultivate our mind. It requires us to take time to reflect on our thoughts, feelings, and actions, and to identify areas where we can improve and grow. The acts that help with self-reflection include journaling, talking with a trusted friend or therapist , or engaging in other forms of self-exploration.

最後，對他人仁慈和慷慨的行為也可以成為一種強大的修心方式。它包括志願服務、向慈善機構捐款，或只是對我們周圍的人表現出友善和同情心。透過學習相關的行為，我們可以對他人產生更大的同理心和同情心，並培養與他人的相互連結和團結感。

Finally, acts of kindness and generosity towards others can also be a powerful way of cultivate our mind. It includes volunteering, making donations to charity, or simply being kind and compassionate towards those around us. By learning from related acts, we can develop greater empathy and compassion towards others, and cultivate a sense of interconnectedness and unity with others.

我們在某些宗教的修行中，總會得到要修心的指導。但修心不僅僅是宗教上的教義。那些關注「改變心態」或「成長心態」等術語的人，會將「修心」放在他們所關注的學術界、商界或其他領域中運作，但是「修心」可以適用於所有日常生活中。 所以，凡是願意不斷修心的人，無論是否有宗教生活，都可以透過修心而過得更加順利。 它引導我們正確調整外在表現，從而讓我們在日常生活中享受更好的互動和協調。

We are always told to cultivate our minds in our practice of some certain religions. However, it is not only the teaching in religions. Those who focus on terms such as "Changing The Mentality" or "Growth Mindset" will process "cultivating our mind" on their aspects of academia, business or other fields they pay attention to, when "cultivating our mind" may apply to all daily aspects. So, everyone who is willing to keep cultivating his mind, whether they have a religious life or not, may enjoy a smoother life by cultivating their mind. It guides a correct adjustment to our external performance and thus lets us enjoy better interaction and coordination in our daily lives. 

四聖諦 The Four Noble Truths

四聖諦是佛教的核心教義。無論是南傳佛教（泰國、斯里蘭卡等南亞國家）、大乘佛教（中國佛教）或是藏傳佛教，都以四聖諦作為佛教信仰和修行的基礎。

The Four Noble Truths are the core teaching in Buddhism. Whether Theravada Buddhism (in Thailand, Sri Lanka and other South Asian countries), Mahayana Buddhism (Chinese Buddhism) or Tibetan Buddhism, they all regard the Four Noble Truths as the foundation of Buddhist belief and practice.

第一個是理解「苦」。苦難存在於世界上，是人類經驗的一部分。痛苦可以包括身體上的痛苦、精神上的痛苦、以及生活中普遍的不如意。

The first one is understand  "Suffering". Suffering exists in the world and is a part of human experience. Suffering can include physical pain, mental anguish, and the general unsatisfactoriness of life.

第二個是苦因的「(積)集」。透過十二因緣，我們可以知道痛苦的根源是我們對無常事物的執著和貪愛。 這些執著會導致我們走向痛苦。

The second one is the "Accumulation" on the cause of suffering. Through the Twelve Dependent Originations, we may know that the cause of suffering is our attachment and craving for things that are impermanent. These attachments lead us to suffering.

第三個是苦的“滅”，找到了苦的原因，就應該尋求滅苦的方法。透過修習八正道，我們可以減少或甚至停止對無常榮辱的執著和貪愛。

The third one is the "Cessation" of suffering, when the cause of suffering are found, solutions for cessation of suffering should be seeked. By practice the Noble Eightfold Paths , we may reduce or event stop our attachment and craving for honor and disgrace that are impermanent.

第四個是止息苦的「道」。我們可以在日常生活中應用八正道。它可以改善和加強我們的心理素質、靈性、言行舉止。當我們透過修習八正道，累積了更強大的內在力量並吸引更多的外在幫助後，我們就可以輕鬆地面對和克服痛苦。

The fourth one is the "Ways" to the cessation of suffering. We may apply the Noble Eightfold Paths in our daily life. It may improve and strengthen our psychological qualities, spirituality, words and deeds. We may face and overcome our suffering easily after we have accumulated our stronger inner strength and attract more outer assistance by practising the Noble Eightfold Paths.

值得注意的是，十二因緣與業力並非完全相同的概念，但可以相輔相成。十二因緣主要描述我們的慾望（執著和貪愛）可能會讓我們陷入痛苦的循環，而業力則強調我們的慾望所引導的意圖、言語和行為可能會引來今生和來世的善惡果報。然而，我們可以透過修行八正道來預防或處理我們的痛苦和果報。

It is worth noting that the Twelve Dependent Originations and Karma are not exactly the same concept, but can complement each other. The Twelve Dependent Originations mainly describe that our desires (attachment and craving) may possibly lead us to the loop of suffering, while Karma emphasizes that our intentions, words and deeds leding by our desires may carry out our good or bad consequences in this life and future lives. However, we may prevent or deal with both our sufferings and consequences by practicing the Noble Eightfold Paths. 

四聖諦為理解痛苦的本質和解脫之道提供了一個框架。前兩者描述了痛苦的本質及其原因，而後兩者則描述了結束痛苦的狀態以及實現這一目標的道路。它是佛教徒或其他希望擺脫痛苦的人的核心課程，也是進一步達至開悟的基礎。

The Four Noble Truths provide a framework for understanding the nature of suffering and the path to liberation from suffering. The first two describe the nature of suffering and its causes, while the last two describe the state of ending suffering and the path to achieve this goal. It the core lessons for Buddhists or other individuals who hope to escape from suffering, and also the foundation for further achieving of enlightenment.

順便說一句，我在之前的文章中已經分別對十二因緣和八正道做了簡單的介紹。但是，我覺得我所寫的內容不足以讓您對相關主題有更深入的了解。所以，我建議大家同時參考其他作者的相關文章。

By the way, I have separately made brief introduction for the Twelve Dependent Originations and the Noble Eightfold Path in my earlier articles. However, I feel that what I have written are not enough to give you a deeper understanding for the related topics. So, I recommend that you should refer to related articles by other authors at the same time.

「學佛」和「佛學」 "學佛"(Practice of Buddhism) and "佛學"(Study of Buddhism)

 「學佛」和「佛學」這兩個中文用語看起來相似，因為都是使用“學”和“佛”這兩字組成，但它們實際上代表了不同的佛教層面。「學佛」是一種個人的、經驗性的實踐，而「佛學」是一種學術性的、分析性的追求。

The two terms writing in Chinese,
"學佛" and "佛學", may seem similar due to their shared use of the Chinese characters "學" and "佛," they actually represent distinct approaches to Buddhism. "學佛" is a personal and experiential practice, while "佛學" is a scholarly and analytical pursuit.

「學佛」是指學習、修行佛法的行為。包括學習佛陀的教義，遵守佛教戒律，並進行禪修和其他修行，以培養智慧和慈悲。本質上，「學佛」就是積極追求精神道路，努力在日常生活中體現佛教的原則。

"學佛" refers to the act of learning and practicing Buddhism. It involves studying the teachings of Buddha, following Buddhist precepts, and engaging in Zen meditation and other practices to cultivate wisdom and compassion. Essentially, "學佛" is about actively pursuing a spiritual path and striving to embody Buddhist principles in daily life.

另一方面，「佛學」是指對佛教的學術研究。這涉及研究佛教傳統的歷史和文化背景，分析佛教文本和教義，並探索佛教思想的哲學和倫理意義。本質上，「佛學」是從理智的角度來理解佛教，並尋求理解其理論和概念。

On the other hand, "佛學" refers to the academic study of Buddhism. This involves examining the historical and cultural context of Buddhist traditions, analyzing Buddhist texts and teachings, and exploring the philosophical and ethical implications of Buddhist thought. Essentially, "佛學" is about approaching Buddhism from an intellectual perspective and seeking to understand its theories and concepts.

「佛學」對「學佛」有幫助，其中一方面是透過研究佛教的歷史及其隨時間的發展，修行者可以更深入地了解佛教思想和修行的起源和演變。這有助於闡明佛教教義的意思和意義，也能深入了解佛教思想在不同文化背景下如何適應和解釋。

One of the aspects that "佛學" can be helpful for "學佛" is by studying the history of Buddhism and its development over time, one can gain a deeper understanding of the origins and evolution of Buddhist thought and practice. This can help to clarify the meaning and significance of Buddhist teachings, and can also provide insight into how Buddhist ideas have been adapted and interpreted in different cultural contexts.

另一方面是提供理解佛教概念和實踐的框架。透過研究佛教經典和教義，人們可以更深入地了解業力（因果）、輪迴、四聖諦和八正道等概念。這可以幫助闡明這些概念的含義和意義，也可以為如何在日常生活中應用它們提供指導。

Another aspect is by providing a framework for understanding Buddhist concepts and practices. By studying Buddhist texts and teachings, one can gain a deeper understanding of concepts such as karma (cause and effect), reincarnation, the Four Noble Truths, and the Noble Eightfold Path. This can help to clarify the meaning and significance of these concepts, and can also provide guidance on how to apply them in daily life.

另外，學習「佛學」有助於加深禪修，這是「學佛」的重要面向。透過學習不同的冥想技巧及其背後的原理，人們可以發展出更有效、更有意義的冥想練習。這可以幫助培養正念、定力和智慧，這些都是對學佛感興趣的人必備的素質。

In addition, studying "佛學" can help to deepen one's meditation practice, which is an important aspect of "學佛". By learning about different meditation techniques and the principles behind them, one can develop a more effective and meaningful meditation practice. This can help to cultivate mindfulness, concentration, and wisdom, which are all essential qualities for those who are interested in 學佛.

總而言之，對於願意「學佛」的人來說，「佛學」是一個很有價值的工具。「佛學」透過了解歷史文化背景、理解佛教概念的框架、指導禪修，可以加深對「學佛」進步的認識，而不在於批評那些願意「學佛」的人的錯誤言行。

Summarly, "佛學" can be a valuable tool for those who are willing to "學佛". By understanding the historical and cultural context, a framework for understanding Buddhist concepts, and guidance on meditation practice. "佛學" can help to deepen one's understanding and practice of Buddhism, but not to criticize the wrong words and deeds of those who are willing to "學佛".

二十四節氣 The Twenty-Four Solar Terms

二十四節氣是中國傳統的根據太陽在天空中的位置來劃分一年的方式。受平年和閏年的影響，每年同一個節氣的日期可能會提前或推遲一天。每一個節氣都與特定的自然現像或農業活動相關，農民用它們來確定種植、收穫和其他農業活動的最佳時間。其中一些更與中國的文化習俗有著密切的聯繫。

The Twenty-Four Solar Terms are the traditional Chinese way of dividing the year based on the position of the sun in the sky. Affected by ordinary and runnian years, the date of the same solar term in every year may be a day earlier or late. Each of these solar terms is associated with a specific natural phenomenon or agricultural activity, and farmers use them to determine the best times for planting, harvesting, and other agricultural activities. Some of them are also closely linked with Chinese culture and customs. 

以下是二十四節氣的a日期（根據2023年）、名稱和含義：

Here are the dates (according to 2023), names and meanings of the twenty-four solar terms:

1月5日小寒：天氣變得更加寒冷，人們開始使用爐灶取暖的時候。

Minor Cold at 05 Jan: the weather becomes even colder and people begin to use the stove to keep warm.

1月20日大寒：天氣最冷，人們需要穿厚衣服保暖。

Severe cold (Major Cold) at 20 Jan: the weather is at its coldest and people need to bundle up to stay warm.

2月4日立春：春天的開始和農業年的開始。

Spring Commences at 04 Feb: the beginning of spring and the start of the agricultural year.

2月19日雨水：降雨量增加和天氣開始變暖。

Spring Showers (Rain Water) at 19 Feb: the time when rainfall increases and the weather starts to warm up.

3月6日驚蟄：昆蟲開始從冬眠中甦醒並再次活躍起來。

Awakening of Insects at 06 Mar: insects start to come out of hibernation and become active again.

3月21日春分：晝夜長度相等的一天。

Vernal Equinox at 21 Mar: the day when the length of day-time and night-time are equal.

4月5日清明：天氣晴朗，人們外出掃墓。

Clear and Bright (Ching Ming) at 05 Apr: the weather becomes clear and bright, and people go out to sweep tombs.

4月20日穀雨：糧食作物開始成熟。

Grain Rain at 20 Apr: the grain crops start to ripen.

5月6日立夏：夏天的開始，天氣開始炎熱。

Summer Commences at 06 May: the beginning of summer and the time when the weather starts to get hot.

5月21日五穀豐登：穀物成熟的日子。

Grain Full at 21 May: the grain crops become full and ripe.

6月6日出穗：穀物開始抽穗的時間。

Grain in Ear at 06 Jun: the grain crops start to sprout ears.

6月21日夏至：太陽到達天空最高點，也是一年中白晝最長的一天。

Summer Solstice at 21 Jun: the sun reaches its highest point in the sky, and the day of the longest day-time of the year.

7 月 7 日小暑：天氣開始變熱，人們開始尋找陰涼處。

Minor Heat at 07 Jul: the weather starts to get hotter and people begin to seek shad

7月23日大暑：天氣最熱，農作物需要大量的水。

Major Heat at 23 Jul: the weather is at its hottest and the crops need a lot of water.

立秋8月8日：秋天的開始，天氣開始轉涼。

Autumn Commences at 08 Aug: the beginning of autumn and the time when the weather starts to cool down.

8月23日處暑：夏季的炎熱開始消散。

Limit of Heat (End of Heat) at 23 Aug: the heat of Summer begins to dissipate.

9月8日白露：草地上結出露水，天氣變涼。

White Dew at 08 Sep: dew forms on the grass and the weather becomes cooler.

9月23日秋分：晝夜長度相等的一天。

Autumnal Equinox at 23 Sep: the day when the length of day-time and night-time are equal.

10月8日寒露：天氣變冷，露水結霜。

Cold Dew at 08 Oct: the weather becomes colder and dew forms into frost.

10月24日霜降：霜開始形成，天氣變得更加寒冷。

Frost Descent at 24 Oct: frost starts to form and the weather becomes even colder.

11 月 8 日立冬：冬季開始，天氣明顯變冷。

Winter Commences at 08 Nov: the beginning of winter, the weather becomes significantly colder.

11月22日小雪（小雪）：可能出現初雪，氣溫進一步下降。

Minor Snow (Light Snow) at 22 Nov: the first snowfall may occurs and the temperature drops even further.

12月7日大雪（大雪）：氣溫下降幅度更大，降雪量更大。

Major Snow (Heavy Snow) at 07 Dec: the temperature drops even more and the snowfall becomes heavier.

12月22日冬至：太陽在天空中達到最低點的這一天，也是一年中白晝最短的一天。

Winter Solstice at 22 Dec: the day when the sun reaches its lowest point in the sky and when the shortest day-time of the year.

南傳佛教與大乘佛教 Theravada and Mahayana

佛教有兩個主要分支：南傳佛教側重於通過修行實現個人證悟和解脫，而大乘佛教則側重於實現個人和有緣眾生的開悟。這兩個分支在某些方面有所不同，但它們具有共同的基礎。

There are two main branches of Buddhism: Theravada Buddhism focuses on achieving personal enlightenment and liberation through practice, while Mahayana Buddhism focuses on achieving enlightenment of both personal and related sentient beings. The two branches differ in some ways, but they share a common foundation.

南傳佛教一般以釋迦牟尼佛為領袖。他是引導弟子證悟的老師，也是唯一證得圓滿證悟的人。因此，他們嚴格遵守佛陀所製定的戒律和指引，幾乎不能做出任何形式的修改。另一方面，大乘佛教認為，釋迦牟尼是不同時空無數諸佛之一，不同的佛會提出既不違背正念、又能因應不同的環境靈活應對的教法。所以，大乘佛教的戒律和指引會因應不同的地域和環境而略有調整。

Theravada Buddhism generally regards Sakyamuni Buddha as the leader. He is the teacher who guides his disciples to enlightenment, and the only person who has achieved perfect enlightenment. Therefore, they strictly follow the precepts and guidance set by the Buddha and can hardly make any form of modification. On the other hand, Mahayana Buddhism believes that Sakyamuni is one of countless Buddhas in
different times and space, and the different Buddhas will propose teaching methods that do not violate mindfulness but can flex respond to the different situations they are in. So, the precepts and guidance of Mahayana Buddhism will be slightly adjusted in response to different areas and environments.

南傳佛教注重通過自我修行來成就“阿羅漢”（一種解脫的狀態，在這狀態下，所有的業力都已被補償或抵消，無需擔心新的業力因清淨而穩定的心而產生，因此沒有精神上的負擔。這也是衡量佛法修行成就的基本標準）。他們很少主動介入別人的事情，只能給有緣的人建議或祝福，因為他們注意到因果報應是無法由別人來抵銷的。 不過，大乘佛教注重通過修行“菩薩道”（將對他人的積極關心融入到實踐中）來實現最終的佛果。 他們認為，增加自己福祉或減少業力痛苦的另一個方法是在力所能及的範圍內幫助他人，儘管這種努力可能無法完全抵消自己的業力。

Theravada Buddhism focuses on the achievement of "Arahant" (a state of liberation in which all karma has been compensated or offset, and no need to worry about new karma being created by a pure and stable mind, so there is no mental burden. It is also the basic standard for measuring the achievements of Buddhist practice) by self-practice. They rarely take the initiative to intervene in other people's affairs, they can only give advice or blessings to those who are associated, as they have noticed that Karma cannot be compensated by others. However, Mahayana Buddhism focuses on the achievement of final Buddhahood  by practising the "Bodhisattva way" (incorporating active concern for others into practice). They believe that another way of practice might increase their own blessings or reduce the suffering of karma is to help others as much as possible within their abilities,  even though such efforts may not completely offset their own karma.

南傳佛教提倡三學（戒、定、慧）、四聖諦、四念處、八聖道（我之前的文章有簡單介紹）、禪宗（佛教正念禪修）。 這些科目有助於糾正個人在思想、言語和行為上的問題。 大乘佛教除南傳佛教的科目外，還包括與慈悲行為有關的科目，如四受德、六波羅蜜（布施、持戒、忍辱、精進、禪宗、般若）等。

Theravada Buddhism advocates the Three Studies (precepts, samadhi, and wisdom), the Four Noble Truths, the Four Foundations of Mindfulness, the Noble Eightfold Path (a brief introduce at my article before), and Zen (meditation with Buddhism mindfulness).  These subject help with correcting individual problems in thinking, words and deeds. Mahayana Buddhism, in addition to the subjects according to Theravada Buddhism, also include subjects related to compassion behavior, such as the Four Embracing Virtues and the Six perfections (giving, keeping precepts, patience, diligence, Zen, and prajna).

在教義上，南傳佛教普遍主張“空性”，認為一切主觀感受和客觀現像都只是暫時的，都會成為過去。 大乘佛教進一步認為，“空性”是以“緣起”為基礎的，即一切“法”（感受、事物、現像等）都是條件(因緣)充足而形成，條件不足而消散。因此，一切現像都是幻相。

In terms of doctrine, Theravada Buddhism generally advocates "emptiness" and believes that all subjective feelings and objective phenomena are only temporary and will become the past. Mahayana Buddhism further believes that "emptiness" is based on "dependent origination", that is, all "dharmas" (feelings, things, phenomena, etc.) are formed by the sufficient of causes and conditions, and dismissed when insufficient. Therefore all appearances are illusions.

南傳佛教和大乘佛教在歷史上都為佛教的豐富遺產做出了重大貢獻。 雖然他們在修行、證悟等方面可能有不同的做法（例如南傳可能認為中國僧侶“必須”吃素是違戒的表現之一，但從大乘的角度和歷史淵源來看） （在中國，這是慈悲的體現。而且，佛並沒有禁止我們吃素），但他們最終有一個共同的願望：脫離痛苦。

Both Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism has historically contributed significantly to the rich heritage of Buddhism. Although they may have different approaches to spiritual development, attainment of enlightenment, and other aspects (for example, Theravada may consider that Chinese monks "must" be vegetarians is one of the performence of against the precepts, but from the Mahayana perspective and historical origin, it is a manifestation of compassion in China. Furthermore, Buddha did not prohibit us from being vegetarian), but they ultimately have a common desire: to be freed from suffering.

這兩個分支都有其優點和缺點。 我們不需要也不應該為了支持一方而批評對方，批評只會給我們帶來麻煩。 我們可以簡單地按照自己選擇的一方的指導方針進行練習，同時適當地引用對方的長處。 請注意，我們修行的目的是從痛苦中解脫出來，而不是被囚禁在我們自招的煩惱之中。

Both branches has its advantages and disadvantages. We don't need and should not criticize the other in order to support one, criticism will only bring us trouble. We may simply do our practice according to the guidelines of the side we choose, and appropriately cite the strengths of the other side at the same time. Be noticed, the aim of our practice is to be freed from suffering, but not be imprisoned in the troubles we inflicted.

農歷七月的中國節日 Chinese Festivals in the 7th month of Lunar calendar

在農曆中，七月在中國文化中具有特殊的意義，因為它充滿了各種節日和傳統。 讓我們深入了解這段時間最著名的四個節日。

In the lunar calendar, the 7th month holds special significance in Chinese culture as it is filled with various festivals and traditions. Let's dive into four of the most celebrated festivals during this time.

首先，我們有七月初七。這個稱為七夕節或七七節是一個慶祝愛情和浪漫的節日。傳說織女和牛郎這對不幸的戀人每年只能在這一天見面一次。

First up, we have the 7th day of the 7th month. Known as the Qixi Festival or the Double Seventh Festival, it's a celebration of love and romance. Legend has it that two star-crossed lovers, Zhinü and Niulang, are allowed to meet each other only once a year on this day. 

接下來是鬼節，又稱月闌節或中元節。 這個節日是為了紀念和安撫不安的祖先與其他已故親人。人們相信在這一天，鬼魂在我們中間自由遊蕩，所以家家戶戶都會供奉食物及燒香。 

Next comes the Ghost Festival at the 15th day, also known as Zhongyuan Festival. This festival is all about honoring and appeasing restless ancestors and other deceased relative. It's believed that during this day, ghosts roam freely among us, so every family will offer food and burn incense. 

佛教的孟蘭節（或餓鬼節）一般在正月十五，與中元節相同。這是僧伽（印度的僧侶團體）夏季閉關的最後一天。佛教信徒相信，在這一天，通過向修行者供養，可以獲得神通力，拯救過去的祖先、世世代代父母親人的亡靈，脫離痛苦。當佛教傳入中國時，印度僧人的這種孝道儀式也開始在中國土地上萌芽。

The Meng Lan Festival (or Hungry Ghost Festival) from Buddhism typically falls on the 15th day, same as the Ghost Festival. It is the last day of the summer retreat for the sangha (the group of monks in India). Buddhist believers believe that on this day, by making offers to practitioners, they may earn the miracle power to save the ancestors of the past, the dead souls of parents and relatives for many generations, and escape from suffering. When Buddhism was introduced to China, this ritual of filial piety by Indian monks also began to sprout in Chinese land.

最後是農曆七月底地藏菩薩的生日。他被尊為慈悲的佛教菩薩，能幫助大眾減輕今生和來世的痛苦，因為他曾發願：地獄不空，決不成佛。信徒們在這天會到寺院獻花、燒香、念經，以表達對地藏菩薩的敬意。

Last, the birthday of Ksitigarbha on the end of the 7th lunar month. He have been revered as a compassionate Bodhisattva of Buddhism who helps alleviate suffering in both this world and afterlife, as he vowed that he will never become a Buddha unless the hell have be clear. In this day, devotees pay homage to Ksitigarbha by offering flowers, incense and chanting scriptures at monasteries.

時代的進步讓社會不再那麼傳統，人們開始減少思考傳統節日的意義。 我擔心這些傳統節日在我成為祖先之前就會消失。

The progress of the times has made society less traditional, and people have begun to think less about the meaning of traditional festivals. I worry that these traditional festivals will disappear before I have became an ancestor.

"心流"，內心的能量 "Flow", the energy of mental

正如心理學家 Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi 所描述的，心流狀態是指完全沉浸並專注於一項活動的狀態。 當處於心流狀態時，個人會體驗到深刻的享受感、創造力和生產力。他們會完全專注於當下，忘記了時間和自我意識。

The state of flow, as described by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, refers to a state of complete immersion and focus in an activity. When in a state of flow, individuals experience a deep sense of enjoyment, creativity, and productivity. They become fully absorbed in the present moment, losing track of time and self-consciousness. 

心流與禪修（或冥想）類似，都是強調全神貫注於當下的重要性。它可以通過從事具有挑戰性的活動來體驗，例如工作、運動或愛好。要求個人完全專注於自己的活動，並鼓勵他們培養正念和提高意識。

Similar to Zen (or meditation), flow emphasizes the importance of being fully present in the moment. It can be experienced through engaging in a challenging activity, such as work, sports, or hobbies. It requires an individual to be completely absorbed in their activities and encourages them to cultivate mindfulness and heightened awareness. 

禪宗需要有意識的練習和紀律，強調活在當下，並且不執著於任何特定的結果。然而，心流可以在與個人技能和挑戰相匹配的活動中自發地實現，它通常與目標導向的活動相關。

Zen requires intentional practice and discipline, emphasis on being present and do not attachment to any particular outcome. However, flow can be achieved spontaneously during activities that match one's skills and challenges, it is often associated with goal-oriented activities.

總之，心流和禪都可以達到正念和精神能量的狀態。心流是在日常生活中進行的活動中體驗到的，而禪則
是一種冥想和超脫世俗干擾的練習。這兩個概念都有其獨特的特點，並且有助於增強注意力、創造力和整體幸福感。

In summary, both Flow and Zen offer pathways to achieving a state of mindfulness and mental energy. While Flow is experienced during engaging activities in daily life, Zen is a formal practice of meditation and detachment from worldly distractions. Both concepts have their unique characteristics and can be beneficial in enhancing focus, creativity, and overall well-being.

順便一提，我，亞佳，也經歷過心流的狀態。有一次，我吃完早餐開始工作，完全忘記了自己的新陳代謝、午餐時間和下班時間。下班後我還應該繼續愉快地工作……我的老闆真不應該提醒我下班。她的好心舉動讓我突然受到飢渴之苦。

By the way, I, ArKai, have experienced the state of flow. Once, I completely forgot my metabolism, lunch hour and duty-off hour when I started work after my breakfast. I should still continue my work with joy after my office hours... My boss really shouldn't have reminded me to leave work. What she kindly did made me suffer from hunger and thirst suddenly.

八正道 The Noble Eightfold Path

八正道是佛教的一個基本概念，是過上健康和充實的生活的指南。它是佛陀的核心教義之一，旨在幫助個人發展智慧、道德行為和精神紀律。這些由八個相互關聯的方面組成，每個方面都在修行者的精神發展中發揮著至關重要的作用。
The Noble Eightfold Path is a fundamental concept in Buddhism that serves as a guide to living a wholesome and fulfilling life. It is one of the core teachings of the Buddha and is aimed at helping individuals develop wisdom, ethical conduct, and mental discipline. These consists of eight interconnected aspects, each of which plays a crucial role in the spiritual development of a practitioner.  

正見：正確無誤地理解和看待一切諸法（特別是四聖諦）的合理性，並深刻了解我們的行為和信仰會在死後產生後果。
Right Understanding (Right View): Understand and view the rationality of all dharmas (particular of the Four Noble Truths) correctly and infallibly, with a deep know that our actions and beliefs have consequences after death.

正思（正志）：培養積極善意，遠離不正當的慾樂干擾。
Right Thought (Right Intention): Cultivating positive and wholesome intentions, and free from distractions of improper sensuality.

正語：強調使用真實、友善、有益的言語的重要性。練習者應避免說謊、分裂性言論、粗俗語言和流言蜚語等導致人際關係破裂的行為。
Right Speech: Emphasizes the importance of using words that are truthful, kind, and beneficial. Practitioners should avoid lying, divisive speech, vulgar language and gossip, etc. that cause a breakdown in relationships.

正業（正行）：通過學習五戒來控制和促進行為。正業包括從事有道德和促進福祉的行為，這有助於提高個人修養並避免造成惡業。
Right Action (Right Conduct): To control and promote behavior by learning the Five Precepts. Right action involves engaging in actions that are ethical and promote well-being, this helps improve personal cultivation and avoid create bad karma.

正命：以誠實、道德、不傷害自己或他人的方式謀生。這是鼓勵修行人避免從事給他人身心或財產安全造成不合理損失的職業。
Right Livelihood: To earning a living in a way that is honest, ethical, and does not cause harm to oneself or others. It encourages practitioners to avoid occupations that involve unreasonable losses on the physical and mental or property safety of others. 

正精進：不斷努力修善言行，隨時發現並捨棄惡行。 它要求修行者在練習中培養正念、能量和熱情。
Right Effort: Continuous efforts to cultivate good words and deeds, and to detect and abandon unvirtuous words and deeds at any time. It requires the practitioner to develop mindfulness, energy and enthusiasm in their practice.

正念：一種健康的心態，時刻保持對自己的思想、感受、身體感覺和周圍環境的覺知。它需要全神貫注及專心，不帶有批判或執著。
Right Mindfulness: A wholesome state of mind that keep maintaining a moment-to-moment awareness of one's thoughts, feelings, bodily sensations, and the surrounding environment. It involves being fully present and attentive, without criticism or attachment. 

正定：指發展集中的、專一的注意力。通過冥想等練習，修行者的目標是培養平靜、鎮定的心態，遠離干擾和精神躁動，最終達到平和與正念。
Right Concentration: Refers to the development of focused and one-pointed attention. Through practices such as meditation, practitioners aim to cultivate a calm and collected mind, free from distractions and mental agitation, and culminating into peace and mindfulness.

通過遵循八正道，修行人的努力可以消除痛苦的根源，並從生死輪迴中獲得解脫。八聖道不是一個線性的進程，而是一個相互支持和加強的修行網絡。當修行者遵循八正道時，他們可以發展智慧、慈悲，以及對實相本質的深刻理解。
By following the Noble Eightfold Path, the practitioners' efforts can eradicate the source of suffering and attain liberation from the cycle of birth and death. The Noble Eightfold Path is not a linear progression, but a network of practices that support and strengthen each other. Practitioners may develop wisdom, compassion, and a deep understanding of the nature of reality when they follow the Noble Eightfold Path.

即使是一個沒有經過禪修或戒律訓練的普通人，也可以通過學習八正道並將其融入日常生活中，來培養對自己和世界的更深刻的理解。這有助於個人的優化或減少因惡業而造成的痛苦。
Even if an ordinary person without any training of zen or precepts, may also cultivate a deeper understanding of ourselves and the world by learning and incorporating the Noble Eightfold Path into daily lives. It helps for personal optimization or reduce suffering due to bad karma.

精神內耗 Mental Internal Friction

精神內耗是指個體心靈或意識內部產生的衝突和緊張。從佛教的觀點來看，精神內耗與第六識、第七識密切相關。
Mental Internal Friction refers to the conflicts and tensions that arise within an individual's mind or consciousness. On the view point of Buddhism, mental internal friction is closely related to the Sixth and Seventh Consciousness.

當人們經歷精神內耗時，就會導致各種問題和挑戰。以下是可能出現的一些常見問題：
When people experience mental internal friction, it can lead to various problems and challenges. Here are some common issues that can arise:

情緒困擾：精神內耗會造成情緒困擾，如焦慮、壓力、內心動盪等。思想的衝突、慾望和執著會產生不安和不滿的感覺。
Emotional Distress: mental internal friction can cause emotional distress, such as anxiety, stress, and inner turmoil. Conflicting thoughts, desires, and attachments can create a sense of unease and dissatisfaction.

缺乏清晰度：當意識的不同方面之間存在衝突時，做出清晰而理性的選擇可能會具有挑戰性。
Lack of Clarity: When there is a conflict between different aspects of consciousness, it can be challenging to make clear and rational choices.

人際的鬥爭：思想和情緒的衝突會導致誤解、人際衝突以及溝通和聯繫的困難。
Struggles with Relationships: Conflicting thoughts and emotions can lead to misunderstandings, relationships conflicts, and difficulties in communication and connection.

幸福感下降：精神內耗會導致整體幸福感和幸福感下降。當一個人的內心不斷掙扎時，體驗平靜、滿足和成就感可能會很困難。
Decreased Well-being: mental internal friction can contribute to a decrease in overall well-being and happiness. When there is a constant struggle within one's mind, it can be challenging to experience peace, contentment, and fulfillment.

阻礙個人成長：精神內耗會阻礙個人的成長和發展。它會對自我反思、自我意識和從經驗中學習的能力造成障礙。
Hindrance to Personal Growth: mental internal friction can hinder personal growth and development. It can create barriers to self-reflection, self-awareness, and the ability to learn from experiences.

佛教中提到的“第六識”，又稱心識，負責處理思想、情感、知覺。它是我們意識中體驗外部世界並對其做出反應的部分。第六識會受到各種因素的影響，例如慾望、執著、厭惡等。
"The Sixth Consciousness" mentioned in buddhism, also known as the Mind Consciousness, is responsible for processing thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. It is the part of our consciousness that experiences and reacts to the external world. The Sixth Consciousness can be influenced by various factors, such as desires, attachments, and aversions.

“第七識”，也稱為末那識，是我們意識中產生自我或自我意識的部分。它負責創造認同感和個性感。第七意識依附於某些信念、慾望或期望。
"The Seventh Consciousness", also known as the Manas Consciousness, is the part of our consciousness that gives rise to the sense of self or ego. It is responsible for creating a sense of identity and individuality. The Seventh Consciousness can attached to certain beliefs, desires, or expectations.

當我們的思想、情感和感知（第六意識）與我們的自我或自我意識（第七意識）之間存在衝突或差異時，就會產生精神內耗。 這可能會導致痛苦和不滿。
mental internal friction arises when there is a conflict or discrepancy between our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions (Sixth Consciousness) and our sense of self or ego (Seventh Consciousness). This lead to suffering and dissatisfaction.

佛教為了控制因第六識與第七識衝突而形成的精神內耗，提倡並強調正念、覺知、智慧的修行。通過培養正念，人們可以更加了解第六意識中產生的思想、情感和感知。這種意識使人能夠觀察和理解這些經歷的本質，而不會過度依戀或厭惡它們，從而減少精神內耗。
To control mental internal friction that is formed by the conflict between the Sixth and Seventh Consciousness in Buddhism, the practice of mindfulness, awareness, and wisdom is promoted and emphasized. By cultivating mindfulness, one can become more aware of the thoughts, emotions, and perceptions that arise in the Sixth Consciousness. This awareness allows one to observe and understand the nature of these experiences without becoming overly attached or aversive to them, and thus reducing mental internal friction.

看似永不過期的中國傳統食材 Chinese Traditional Ingredients That Seem Never Expired

有些中國傳統食材，如果是天然、無添加且儲存得當的話，似乎不會過期。

There are some of the Chinese traditional ingredients that may possibly expire-free, if they are natural, additive-free and properly stored.

醬油具有濃郁的鮮味，是許多中國菜餚的主要調味料。通過保存在陰涼避光的地方，並遠離陽光直射和熱源，它可以保持新鮮數年。

Soy sauce, with its rich umami flavor, is a main seasoning in many Chinese dishes. It can stay fresh for years by keeping in a cool and dark place, and keeping away from direct sunlight and heat sources.

古法釀製的陳醋具有開胃消食的功效，經久存放，其令人垂涎的酸味會更加濃郁。

Aged vinegar brewed by the ancient method helps with appetizing and digesting, and its coveted flavor of sour will become stronger after time of stored.

米酒是用糯米發酵而成的一種烹飪調味料，也是一種傳統的宴會飲料。採用古老方法釀造的米酒不含酒精，可以長期保存而不失其獨特的風味。

Rice wine produced from fermented glutinous rice is a kind of cooking seasoning and a traditional drink on a gathering. Rice wine which produced by ancient methods without alcohol, can be stored for a long time without losing its unique flavor profile.

蜂蜜以其天然防腐特性而聞名。隨著時間的推移，它可能會結晶，但通過輕輕加熱就可以輕鬆恢復到液態。當在室溫或更低溫度下儲存在密封容器中時，蜂蜜可以無限期地食用。

Honey is known for its natural preservative properties. It may crystallize over time but can easily be restored to its liquid form by gently warming it. When stored in a sealed container at room temperature or lower, honey can remain edible indefinitely. 

陳皮常用於中藥和烹飪。如果將陳皮保存在密
封容器中，遠離濕氣和陽光，可以保存多年。隨著時間的推移，它的價格將會升值。

Tangerine peel (after air-dried or sun-dried) is commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine and cooking. Dried tangerine peel can last for years if kept in an airtight container away from moisture and sunlight. It will appreciate in price over ages.

當您在食品儲藏室或廚櫃中遇到這些永恆的食材時，請放心，即使經過數月甚至數年的儲存，它們仍然會為您的菜餚增添獨特的風味！

When you come across these timeless ingredients in your pantry or kitchen cabinet, rest assured that they will still add their distinct flavors to your dishes even after months or even years of storage!

給失業者們的投資建議 Investing advice for the unemployed

即使您在新冠疫情后的失業期間沒有收入，也可以考慮以下幾項投資。 這些投資可能無法立即提供收入，但可以幫助您提高技能、擴大人際網絡並改善就業。

Here are several investments that you can consider even if you are incomeless in the unemployment period after the COVID epidemic. These investments may not provide immediate income, but they can help you enhance your skills, expand your network, and improve your employment. 

增強知識和技能：您可以參加在線課程、參加網絡研討會或工作坊，或者考取您感興趣的領域的認證。 這些可以使您在就業市場上更具競爭力，並增加您未來找到工作的機會。

Enhancing knowledge and skills: You can take online courses, attend webinars or workshops, or pursue certifications in your field of interest. These can make you more competitive in the job market and increase your chances of finding employment in the future. 

建立關係：關係對於尋找工作機會至關重要。通過互聯網上的論壇或其他平台，您可以與不同行業、不同年齡段的專業人士進行討論、加入相關團體、參加虛擬社交活動。建立關係可以帶來潛在的工作機會、指導機會和寶貴的聯繫。

Building relationships: Relationships is crucial for finding job opportunities. Through the forums or other platforms on the internet, you may connect with professionals in different industries and ages in discussions, join relevant groups, and attend virtual networking events. Building relationships can lead to potential job leads, mentorship opportunities, and valuable connections. 

參加志願者工作和實習：參加您感興趣的領域的組織或公司的志願者活動可以為您提供寶貴的經驗，幫助您獲得新技能並擴大您的人際網絡。此外，實習，即使是無薪的，也可以為你提供實踐經驗並豐富你的簡歷。

Joining volunteer work and internships: Joining volunteering for organizations or companies in your field of interest may provide you with valuable experience, help you acquire new skills, and expand your network. Additionally, internships, even if unpaid, can provide you with hands-on experience and enhance your resume. 

參與臨時散工工作：您可以在自由職業或兼職工作機會中提供您的技能，例如為 Uber 或送餐服務開車，提供寫作、圖形設計或網頁開發等在線服務 ，並提供輔導或諮詢服務...等。這樣做可以幫助您創造臨時收入，同時也可以向潛在雇主展示您的技能。

Joining a temporary gig work: You can offer your skills on a freelance basis or part-time job opportunities, such as include driving for Uber or for food delieving services, providing online services such as writing, graphic design, or web development, and offering tutoring or consulting services...etc,. These can help you generate temporary income while also showing your skills to potential employers.

注重身心培養：練習正念和鍛煉身體。這些活動可以幫助您保持動力、減輕壓力並改善整體健康，這在求職過程中至關重要。

Focusing on physical and mental development: Practicing mindfulness and exercising physically. These activities can help you stay motivated, reduce stress, and improve your overall well-being, which is essential during the job search process. 

即使這些投資可能無法提供體面的收入，它們也可以為您的長期成功做出貢獻並提高您的就業能力。保持積極、有動力並不斷尋求機會對成長與發展非常重要。祝你好運！

Even if these investments may not provide a decent income, they can contribute to your long-term success and improve your employability. It's important to stay proactive, motivated, and continuously seek opportunities for growth and development. Good luck!

十二因緣 The 12 Dependent Origination

十二因緣是佛教哲學中解釋存在與痛苦循環的基本概念。 它描述了所有現象相互依存的本質，以及它們如何促成出生、死亡和重生的循環。
The 12 Dependent Origination (The Twelve Links of Dependent Arising) is a fundamental concept in Buddhist philosophy that explains the cycle of existence and suffering. It describes the interdependent nature of all phenomena and how they contribute to the cycle of birth, death, and rebirth.

十二因緣是：
The twelve links are:

無明：無明是指對現實的本質缺乏了解，導致迷惑和混亂。
Ignorance: Refers to a lack of understanding of the true nature of reality, leading to delusion and confusion.
行：無明會產生行，這些行法是塑造我們的經驗並促成業力的意志行為或思想。
Mental formations: Ignorance gives rise to mental formations, which are volitional actions or thoughts that shape our experiences and contribute to karma.

識：行導致識的生起，即對感官體驗和知覺的覺知。
Consciousness: Mental formations lead to the arising of consciousness, the awareness of sensory experiences and perceptions.

名色：意識與肉體交織在一起，構成個體存在的基礎。
Name and form: Consciousness becomes intertwined with the physical body, forming the basis for individual existence.

六入：通過名色，六入（即六識，視覺、聽覺、味覺、嗅覺、觸覺、意識）生起，使我們能夠體驗世界。
Six senses: Through name and form, the six senses (sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch, and mind) arise, enabling us to experience the world.

觸：六入與其物體之間的相互作用產生接觸，從而產生感覺和感受。
Contact: The interaction between the six senses and their objects creates contact, resulting in sensations and feelings.
受：接觸會產生感受或感覺，可以是愉快的、不愉快的或中性的。
Feeling: Contact gives rise to feelings or sensations, which can be pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral.
愛：感受會引起對愉快經歷的渴求或渴望，以及對不愉快經歷的厭惡。
Craving: Feelings give rise to craving or desire for pleasant experiences and the aversion to unpleasant ones.
取（執著）：貪愛導致執著或執著於慾望的對象，尋求外在的快樂和滿足。
Attachment: Craving leads to attachment or clinging to the objects of desire, seeking happiness and fulfillment externally.

有（成形）：執著促進了成形的過程，在這個過程中，一個人被驅使著走向存在和追求未來的經歷。
Becoming: Attachment fuels the process of becoming, where one is driven towards existence and the pursuit of future experiences.

生：成形導致出生、新生命的顯現和存在循環的延續。
Birth: Becoming leads to birth, the manifestation of a new life and the continuation of the cycle of existence.

老死：出生必然導致老死，標誌著一個生命的結束和另一個生命的開始，循環不斷。
Aging and death: Birth inevitably leads to aging and death, marking the end of one life and the beginning of another, perpetuating the cycle.

對於佛教徒來說，修行的主體是人而不是物，所以最早提到的十二因綠所生法不僅是物質現象的關係，也是生與死的關係。十二因綠所生法強調一切現象的相互關聯和相互依存，強調通過培養智慧和慈悲來了解和擺脫痛苦循環的重要性。
For Buddhists, the subject of practice is people rather than things, so the 12 Dependent Origination mentioned at the earliest is not only the relationship of material phenomena, but also the relationship between life and death. The 12 Dependent Origination highlights the interconnectedness and interdependence of all phenomena, emphasizing the importance of understanding and breaking free from this cycle of suffering through the cultivation of wisdom and compassion.

本文僅對十二因緣作簡單介紹。這個涉及錯綜複雜的無限過去和無法估量的無限未來的話題，即使是經驗豐富的佛教徒也很難理解和解釋清楚。
Here is a brief introduction to the 12 Dependent Origination only in this article. This topic, involving an intricate infinite past and an incalculable infinite future, is difficult to understand and explain well even for experienced Buddhists.

端午節 Dragon Boat Festival

今天，2023 年 6 月 22 日，是端午節（粵語 Dyun-Ng-Jit）。 這是農曆5月15日的中國傳統節日，相當於公曆的5月下旬或6月下旬。 為紀念古代詩人屈原，這個節日通過舉行龍舟比賽和吃粽子來慶祝。

Today, 22 Jun 2023, is the Dragon Boat Festival (Dyun-Ng-Jit in Cantonese). This is a traditional Chinese holiday on the 15th May of the Lunar calendar, which corresponds to late May or June in the Gregorian calendar. A commemoration of the ancient poet Qu Yuan, the holiday is celebrated by holding dragon boat races and eating sticky rice dumplings called zongzi.

這個節日在中國眾所周知是為了紀念戰國時期楚國詩人兼大臣屈原（公元前 340-278 年）逝世。 當楚王決定與日益強大的秦國結盟時，屈原作為大臣，因反對結盟而被指控為謀反罪而被貶。 他在流亡期間寫了大量詩歌。 最終，秦國攻占了楚國。 屈原絕望之下投汨羅江自盡。

It is well known in China that this festival commemorates the death of the poet and minister Qu Yuan (340–278 BC) of the state of Chu during the Warring States period. When the king of Chu decided to ally with the increasingly powerful state of Qin, Qu Yuan as a higher minister, was banished for accused of treason since his opposing the alliance. He wrote a great deal of poetry during his exile. Eventually, Qin captured the capital of Chu. In despair, Qu Yuan committed suicide by drowning himself in the Miluo River.

據說，賽龍舟的起源是當地仰慕他的人們划船去救他，或者至少找回他的屍體。而各種粽子的由來，就是在找不到屈原屍體的情況下，救援人員將糯米糰扔進河裡，代替屈原的屍體讓魚兒吃。

The origin of dragon boat races is said that the local people who admired him were raced out in their boats to save him, or at least retrieve his body. And the the origin of various zongzi (Chinese rice dumpling) is that when his body could not be found, the rescuers dropped balls of sticky rice into the river so that the fish would eat them instead of Qu Yuan's body.

戒律的應用 The apply of precepts

在解釋戒律的目的之前，我們首先要對“因果”有一個大概的了解。這是佛教徒必須知道的基本概念之一。它解釋了業力（一種形成因果關係的自然力量）如何運作，即我們的動機和行為（因）與痛苦或快樂的結果（果）之間的關係或聯繫，以及在結果形成之前作出改變或調整的可能性。

Before explaining the purpose of the precepts, we must first have a general understanding of "Cause and Effect". This is one of the fundamental concepts that Buddhists must know. It explains how Karma (a natural force forming the related effects of causes) works, that is, the relations or connections from our motives and actions (causes) to the outcomes (effects) of suffering or joy, and the possibility to change or adjust the outcomes before formed. 

戒律不是牢不可破的嚴格限製或法律，而是建立在相互尊重和業力運作方式的基礎上的靈活指導方針，讓我們避免因不當的言行而受苦。例如，我們從不殺戒中可以知道，為私心而殺生，會死於報復。此外，為了避免被捕或被報復，兇手會因為隨時隨地要都有小心眼，所以失去生活的樂趣。了解與此戒相關的業力，我們可以通過持守此戒來避免上述痛苦。

Rather than the rigid unbreakable restrictions or laws, the precepts, which based on mutual respect and how Karma works, are flexible guidelines that showing the way to avoid suffer from our inappropriate words and deeds. For example, we may know from the precept of no killing that killing for selfishness will lead to death unexpectedly by being revenge. In addition, to avoiding being arrested or being revenge, the killer will lose his fun in life since he must put an eye everywhere at any times. Knowing Karma that relates to this precept, we may avoid the suffering above by keeping this precept.

另一方面，通過坦白認罪、尋求調解等方式，也有調整業力的可能。通過這些措施，兇手無法避免被捕，但至少可以避免因為擔心被報復而承受精神上的痛苦。

On the other hand, it may have the possibility to adjust Karma through the measures of frank confession and seeking mediation. By these measures, the killer can not be avoided being arrested, but at least his spiritual distress can be avoided by being free from being revenge.

此外，從同一個戒，我們可以知道，軍隊或警察在必須造成必要的傷害或殺戮以保護公民時，永遠不會被視為破戒，因為他們的動機和行為是適當的，並且不帶有自私心。因此，即使他們知道自己可能會遭到報復，也不會因他們的差事而感到精神上的痛苦。軍警們如果盲目執持此戒，可能會造成更多的傷亡，不僅要為此承擔法律責任，而且還會被視為嚴重違背這個戒律。

Further, from the same precept, we may understand that  armies or police will never be considered for breaking this precept when they have to inflict the necessary harm or killing to protect citizens, since their motives and actions are appropriate and with no selfishness. Thus, there are no spiritual distress from their errand even through they know that they may possible suffer retaliation. If the armies and police blindly insist on keeping this precept, may causing more casualties, they will not only bear legal responsibility for this, but will also be considered as serious offense on this precept.

因果是我們持戒的原因，能夠靈活持戒是我們運用自己人生能力的體現。就像不殺生戒一樣，持守每一條戒，都可以讓我們遠離相應的痛苦。了解每一個戒律背後的因果/業力，可以在我們不小心觸犯戒律時立即彌補，並讓我們知道在某些情況下必需臨時靈活地破戒。

Cause and Effect is the reason for us to keep the precepts, and being able to hold the precepts flexibly is a manifestation of our ability to apply our own life. Just like the precept of no killing, keeping of each precept may prevent us from the corresponding suffering. Learning the Cause and Effect / Karma behind each pre
cepts may make up for it as soon as we accidentally offend the commandment, and let us know when we have to flexably break the precepts temporarily for certany circumstances.

可以說，如果我們能夠靈活地持守與不傷害有關的戒律，我們就不會受到傷害； 持不劫戒，自有財物不受侵犯； 如果持戒，我們就會受到尊重和支持……在我們的生活中持戒，不僅可以避免我們的痛苦，還可以得到他人的幫助。

It can be said that if we are able to flexibly keep precepts which relate to no harming, we will not suffer harm; if keep precepts of no plundering, our own property will not be infringed; if keep precepts of respecting others, we will be respected and supported... With keeping precepts in our life, may not only avoid us for suffering, but also gain assistance from other.

語言與存錢能力 Language and the ability to save money

當我在工餘修讀翻譯學士時，曾被要求觀看行為經濟學家 Keith Chen 的演講。 Keith 因為對Whorfian hypothesis（沃爾夫假說）的研究而聞名。本次演講的標題是他訂的。這是視頻的鏈接（https://www.ted.com/talks/keith_chen_could_your_language_affect_your_ability_to_save_money）。

When I was studying my Bachelor of Translation in the evening class, I had been asked to watch a short video a speech by Keith Chen, a behavioral economist. Keith has been known for his research on the Whorfian hypothesis. The title of this talk "Could your language affect your ability to save money?" was given by him. Here is the link to the video　(https://www.ted.com/talks/keith_chen_could_your_language_affect_your_ability_to_save_money).

在這次演講中，Keith 介紹了他的研究結果，表明語言對語法上時間敏感的人比使用非時間敏感語言的人能積蓄的錢更少。他認為，說後一種語言的人更面向未來，因此具有更大的財務責任感。總而言之，他的演講對語言和經濟學的交叉點提供了引人入勝的見解，並鼓勵我們考慮我們自己的語言使用如何影響我們的金融行為。

In this speech, Keith presents the results of his research showing that people whose language is grammatically time-sensitive tend to save less money than people who speak non-time-sensitive languages. He believes that people who speak the latter language are more future-oriented and therefore have a greater sense of financial responsibility. Overall, his speech provides fascinating insights into the intersection of language and economics, and it encourages us to consider how our own language use affects our financial behaviour.

我認為，經濟學的學者應該參考這個演講，因為內容與經濟學有關。另一方面，與英中兩語相關的譯者或學者也應該參考這篇演講，因為Keith指出了兩種語言在時態之外的另一個獨特之處：一個簡單的中文稱謂可能包含複雜的親屬關係信息，如父系或母系，直系或旁系……這些內容無法用簡單的英文稱謂來表達。

In my opinion, scholars of economics should refer to this talk, as the content is related to economics. On the other hand, translators or scholars relating to English and Chinese should also refer to this talk, as Keith brought out another uniqueness in each of both linguages beside the tense: a simple Chinese appellation may contain complex kinship information such as patrilineal or matrilineal, immediate or collateral relatives... these contants can not be expressed with a simple English appellation.

順帶一提，TED（Technology, Entertainment and Design 的簡稱）是一個致力於傳播新思想或新技術的非營利組織，通常會邀請專家學者就一個新概念進行簡短而有力的演講。 這些演講通常被命名為"TED talks"。 英語水平好的觀眾可以通過TED網站（https://www.ted.com）的關鍵詞找到他們感興趣的不同領域的演講。

By the way, TED (short form of Technology, Entertainment and Design) is a non-profit organization devoted to spreading new ideas or technologies, and usually invites experts and scholars to give short but powerful talks on a new concept. The talks often be nameed as "TED talks".  Audiences with good English skills may find speeches on different ralms they are interested in through keywords on the TED website (https://www.ted.com).

對我的文章發表評論或批評的方法 The ways to make comments for my articles

如有任何建議，讀者可以在Facebook上發送私人訊息至“ArKai1975”，或電郵至kaikaysk@gmail.com。

For any suggestions, readers may send privace message on Facebook at "ArKai1975"  , or email me at kaikaysk@gmail.com.

浴佛節 Bath the Buddha Festival

今天，2023年5月26日，農曆四月初八，是中國佛誕，又稱“浴佛節”，是慶祝佛教創始人釋迦牟尼佛誕辰的日子。 相傳佛祖在藍毘尼出生時，眾龍都來噴水給佛祖洗澡，以示祝福和崇拜。佛誕期間，寺廟會開放供信眾燒香禮佛、沐浴佛像、供養僧人。

Today, 26 May 2023, the eighth day of the fourth lunar month, is the Chinese Buddha's Birthday, also known as the "Bath the Buddha Festival", which is the day to celebrate the birth of the founder of Buddhism, Sakyamuni Buddha. It is said that when the Buddha was born in Lumbini, all the dragons came and sprayed water to bath the baby Buddha as an expression of blessing and worship. On the period of Buddha's Birthday, temples will be open for believers to burn incense, worship Buddha, bath in the figure of Buddha, and make offerings to monks. 

在信奉上座部（小乘）佛教的國家，佛陀的誕生、出家、成道、涅槃都在同一天，稱為“衛塞節”。通過曆法的換算，這一天應該是農曆四月十五。 然而，曆法的轉換，或“衛塞節”，不是本文的主題。

In the countries which follow Theravada Buddhism, the birth, renunciation, enlightenment, and Nirvana of the Buddha are all on the same day, which is called "Wesak Day". Through the conversion of the calendars, this day should be the fifteenth day of the fourth lunar month. However, the conversion of the calendars, or "Wesak Day", is not the topic in this article.

然而，在中國佛教中，佛陀誕生後的第七天，與衛塞節同一天，被稱為“佛吉祥日”。 關於這個節日有兩個傳說。 其一是佛陀的母親摩耶夫人在佛陀誕生的第七天離世，佛陀寶寶放出吉祥光芒來祝福她升天；另一種說法是經過多年的修行和冥想，佛陀終於在這一天開悟了，由此，自然地放出了吉祥的光芒。 “佛吉祥日”在中國被視為佛誕的餘慶，一般不單獨慶祝，而是與佛誕一起慶祝。

However, in Chinese Buddhism, the seventh day after the Buddha's birth, which is the same day as Vesak Day, is called "Buddha's Auspicious Day". There are two legends about this festival. One is that Mrs. Maya, the Buddha, passed away on the seventh day of the Buddha's birth, and the baby Buddha released auspicious light to bless her to ascend to heaven; the other is that the Buddha finally became enlightened in this day after years of practice and meditation, and thus naturally emitted auspicious light. "Buddha's Auspicious Day" is regarded as the aftermath of Buddha's birthday in China, and is generally not celebrated separately, but together with Buddha's birthday.

澳門獨有的傳統節日“醉龍節”，恰逢在中國佛誕節這一天。“醉龍節”。部分魚商會休業一天，以參加在街市附近表演的“醉龍舞”。要想演好醉龍，參賽者必須讓自己喝醉。

The traditional festival unique to Macau, the "Drunken Dragon Festival" , which meet the day of the Buddha's Birthday in China. Some of the fish merchants will be closed for the day to participate in this day for the show near the vegetable market. For performed well as a drunken dragon, the participants must make themselves drunk.

素食在中國的起源 The origin of vegetarian in China

關於素食在中國的起源，眾說紛紜，有研究者認為與佛教傳入中國有關。 

There are different opinions about the origin of vegetarian in China, some of the researchers considered that it is related to the introduction of Buddhism in China. 

對佛教創始人釋迦牟尼佛及其弟子來說，沒有飲食方面的禁忌。不執著他人所施予的食物的種類或味道，這是佛陀時代以來修行無執著的方法之一。但是，為了慈悲修行慈悲，佛陀立下戒律，僧人不能吃專門為他們而殺的、以及目睹或聽到殺生過程的肉。今天，如緬甸、泰國或西藏等這些國家的僧侶，仍然保持著不執著於食物（以及他們的一些日常需求）的傳統。他們需要的是在日常生活中內心的平靜，包括他們的修行和佛法分享。 

There was no taboo on eating for the founder of Buddhism, Sakyamuni Buddha and his disciples. Never being attached to the type or taste of food offered by others, this is one of the ways to practice of non-attached since the period of the Buddha. However, for practice of compassion, the Buddha established precepts that monks could not eat the meat that were killed specifically for them nor witnessed or heard the process of killing. Today, the monks in these countries, such as Burma, Thailand, or Tibet, still retain the tradition of being un-attached to food (and some of their daily needs). What they need is a peace of mind in their daily lives, including their practice and dharma share.

佛教傳入中國後，受到歷代君主的重視，中國的僧人不再需要乞食。一些僧侶改變了他們的修行，轉向更高層次的慈悲：不吃肉以減少殺戮。據說南朝梁武帝（公元464-549年）是一位非常虔誠的佛教徒，是第一個使這種慈悲行為成為常態的人。他發誓永遠戒酒戒肉，並下詔要求全國寺院實行此法門。 After Buddhism was introduced to China, it was valued by the monarchs of different dynasties, and the monks in China no longer needed to beg for food. Some of the monks changed their practice toward a higher level of compassion: no meat eating to reduce killing. It is said that Emperor Liang Wudi (464-549 AD) of the Southern Dynasty, a very devout Buddhist, was the first man to make this practice of compassion a norm. He vowed to abstain from alcohol and flesh forever, and issued an imperial edict requiring monasteries across the country to carry out this practice. 

從梁武帝下詔不吃肉，開創了不吃肉（素食）的文化。這種文化在唐代以前就被認為是中國佛教的戒律，也是社會上流行的飲食方式之一。隨著烹飪技術的發展和提高，當今中國的素食文化已經升級為世界上各種風格的素食主義。 

From the imperial edict of no meat eating by Emperor Wu of Liang, it created the culture of non-meat eating (vegetarian). This culture has been considered a precept of Chinese Buddhism and one of the popular eating styles in society before the Tang Dynasty. With the development and improvement of cooking technology, the vegetarian culture in China nowadays has been upgraded to the various styles of vegetarianism in the world.

慧能和尚與《壇經》 Venerable Hui-Neng and the Altar-Sutra

慧能和尚（公元638年—713年），中國禪宗第六代祖師，唐代最重要的佛教人物。 據《壇經》第一卷記載，慧能和尚沒有受過教育，自幼在山中生活，靠砍柴掙錢養母。 但他在處世哲學上很有天賦，並在很短的時間內通過了禪宗五祖的考驗，被指定為六祖。 無論他的弟子提出什麼難懂的經文或禪理，慧能和尚都能夠簡單明了地回答。
Master Venerable Hui-Neng (638 A.D.–713), the sixth patriarch of Zen Buddhism in China, and the most important Buddhist figure in the Tang Dynasty. According to the first chapter of the Altar-Sutra (An Autobiographical Account in Relation to Dharma), Venerable Hui-neng had no education, he lived in the mountains since his childhood and cut firewood to earn money to support his mother. However, he was very gifted in philosophy of life, and was designated as the sixth patriarch by passing the test of the fifth patriarch of Zen in a short time. Whatever the difficult scripts or Zen principles were raised by his disciples, Venerable Hui-Neng may have responded to them simply and clearly .

《壇經》又名《六祖壇經》或《六祖法寶壇經》，是唯一一部由中國人編纂的佛經（其他中文佛經均為從梵文翻譯的譯本）。這部神聖的經典受到高階修行者的高度重視，因為它是慧能和尚開示的精髓，對解釋禪宗的原則很重要。這部經典分為十章，每一章都側重於佛教哲學和原則的不同方面。這些都是慧能法師的教法，由他的一班弟子（主要是法海和尚）整理而成。
The Altar-Sutra, also known as the Platform Sutra Of The Sixth Patriarch, or the D
harmic Treasure Altar-Sutra Of The Sixth Patriarch, is the only Buddhist scripture compiled by Chinese (the other Buddhist scriptures written in Chinese are translated from Sanskrit). This sacred sutra is highly valued by advanced practitioners as it is the essence of Venerable Hui-Neng's speeches, which are important to interpret the principles of Zen. This scripture was divided into ten chapters, each focusing on different aspects of Buddhist philosophy and principles. All of these are the teachings by Venerable Hui-Neng and compiled by his disciples (mainly by Venerable Fa-hai).

《壇經》流傳了一千多年，衍生出不同的版本。儘管每個版本的章節順序可能不同，或某些章節的文字略有增加或減少，或增加了註釋與誦經儀式。這些並不影響各版本經文的一致性，所以無需擔心哪個是正版。另一個好消息是，一些佛教團體已經製作了《壇經》的外文版本（主要是英文版本）。這意味著外國人也可以用他們的語言按照這部經文來學習和修行。
The Altar-Sutra has been circulated for more than a thousand years, and different versions have been derived. Even though the order of the chapters in each version may be different, or the words in certain chapters may slightly increase or decrease, and annotations or chanting ceremony are added. These does not affect the consistency of the scriptures in each version, thus it is no need to worry about which is the authentic version. The other good news is that foreign language versions (mostly in English versions) of The Altar-Sutra have been made by some Buddhist groups. That means foreigners may study and practise by following this scripture in their language.

“Belief” 與 “Faith” 的分別 The difference between "Belief" and "Faith"

 “Belief” 和 “faith” 在英語中是兩個具有相似宗教含義的名詞，它們經常互換使用，因為都是指相信一種哲學體系（儒家或其他宗教）或某種價值觀的狀態。但是，兩者都有其更深層次的含義。

"Belief" and "faith" are two nouns in English with similar religious meanings, they are often used interchangeably, as both refer to the state of believing in a philosophy system (Confucian or other religions) or a certain values. However, both have their own deeper meaning.

“Belief”是指對宗教或制度的一種理智的信仰態度。它可以通過實證和理性分析來調整。對於正在開始學習基本概念的新信徒來說，這種態度有助於他們避免對宗教產生迷信，從而幫助他們通過消除疑慮和產生智慧成為高階修行者。

"Belief" refers to an intellectual attitude to believing in a religion or a system. It can be adjusted by empirical evidence and rational analysis. For new followers who are starting their learning of the basic concepts, this attitude helps them to avoid being superstitious about the religion, and thus helps them to become advanced practitioners by dispelling doubts and generating wisdom. 

“Faith”是指不經證明（已證明、無需證明或無法證明），直接發自內心深處的對一種宗教或製度的強烈信任，並渴望將這種價值觀轉化為思想、言語和行為規範的狀態。對於修行疑惑已被消除的高級修行者而言，Faith是Belief的升級。既然修行方法在之前已經證明過，便不需要再證明了，所以有助於加快修行進度。然而，對於在修行沒有概念的新信徒來說，沒有理性支持的Faith可能會導致迷信。

“Faith” refers to the state of strong trust in a religion or a system from the depth of mind without proof (proved before, no need to prove, or impossible to prove), and eager to turn this value into the norms of thoughts, words and deeds. For those advanced practitioners whose doubts about their practice have been dispelled, faith is an update of belief. Since the practice method has been proved before and no more proof is needed, so, it helps to speed up their practice progress. However, for new followers with no concept of their practice, faith, without rational support, may lead to superstition.

佛教的小乘、大乘及金剛乘 The Buddhism in Hinayana, Mahayana and Vajrayana

佛教是世界上最古老的宗教之一，起源於印度。如今它已不再是印度的主流宗教，但它在海外的三個主流分支使其繼續成為世界主要宗教之一。

Buddhism is one of the oldest religions that originated from India in the world. It is no longer the mainstream religion in India nowadays, but its three mainstream branches abroad make it continue to be one of the major religions in the world.

 

小乘佛教是從原始佛教的小乘佛教傳到泰國等南亞國家後演變而來的。 修行的目的是通過禪定和正念的修行，使個人從痛苦和輪迴中解脫。

Hinayana Buddhism evolved from the Theravada of primitive Buddhism after it spread to Thailand and other South Asian countries. The purpose of practice is to achieve personal liberation from suffering and cyclic existence　by the practice of meditation and mindfulness.  

 

大乘佛教（或稱中國佛教）由原始佛教大眾部發展而來，在唐代得到極大發展，並傳入日本、韓國等國。 修行的目標是通過培養慈悲和智慧，成為能夠利益一切眾生的諸佛或諸佛之一。

Mahayana Buddhism (or Chinese Buddhism) developed from the Mahasanghikas of primitive Buddhism, and spread to Japan, South Korea and other countries while it was in great development in the Tang Dynasty. The goal of practice is becoming one of the Buddhas or Buddhiisattvas, who is able to benefit all sentient beings, by the cultivation of compassion and wisdom.

 

金剛乘（藏傳佛教）由原始佛教演變而來。修行的目的是通過使用各種方法，如禪修定、觀想和念誦真言，達到在這一生中快速清除證悟道路上的障礙。

Vajrayana (Tibetan Buddhism) evolved from primitive Buddhism. The aim of practice is to clear the obstacles in the way of achieving enlightenment quickly within this lifetime, through the use of various methods such as meditation, visualization, and mantra recitation.

 

雖然這三種修行的方法不同，但它們的共同目標是開悟和解脫苦難。每一種修行都涉及禪修、正念以及慈悲和智慧的培養。這些修行之間的差異取決於每個分支的特定環境因素或傳統。

While the three practices differ in their approach, they all share the goal of achieving enlightenment and liberation from suffering. Each of the practices involve meditation, mindfulness, and the cultivation of compassion and wisdom. The differences between these practices are vary depending on the specific environmental factors or tradition within each branch.